1. Final Exam Review, Pt. 2
Chapters 3-4

2. Chapter Three
Brains, Body, & Behavior

3. Neurons (nerve cells) – transmit & receive neural impulses
Dendrite *
Receives information
Cell Body (soma) *
Nucleus, keeps cell alive
Axon *
Transmits information to another neuron

4. Electrical Transmission inside Neurons
Resting Potential - Interior of neuron has more negative ions and no
signal is being transmitted
Action Potential – A brief electrical impulse that travels along the axon when positive ions rush in

5. Communication Between Neurons
Electrical impulse in Neuron stimulates terminal buttons at the end of an axon.
Neurotransmitter chemicals produced.
Synapse – Gap or junction
between neurons where
neurotransmitter chemicals
cross to receptor sites
on dendrites.

6. Neurotransmitter Chemicals - Affect learning, memory, mood, behavior and mental illness
Effects of Major Neurotransmitters:
Acetylcholine – memory, sleep; Alzheimer’s
Dopamine - Pleasure, learning, emotion, motivation, movement; Schizophrenia
Serotonin - Mood, appetite, sleep, Depression
Norepinephrine–stress,learning,ADHD,Depression
Endorphins – pain reliever; Drug Addiction

7. The Old Brain
Brain Stem - breathing, attention, basic functions; innermost
Medulla – breathing, heart rate
Cerebellum – voluntary movement;
behind brain stem

8. Hypothalamus Regulates hunger, thirst, sex
Links nervous system to endocrine system via pituitary gland

9. Limbic System Hippocampus Memory formation Amygdala
Aggression, fear, emotions, stress
Connected to sympathetic nervous system

10. Cerebrum Cerebrum * Cerebral cortex and corpus callosum
Thinking, language
Corpus Callosum *
R & L Brain connection
Cerebral Hemispheres * (in most people)
R = perceptual skills, drawing pictures
L = language, math
Cerebellum
Medulla

11. Frontal Lobes -- Control Thinking, planning, judgment, impulse control
Broca’s area *
L frontal lobe; production of language
Broca’s aphasia – damage/loss of speech
Association Areas *
sensory and motor information is combined and associated with stored knowledge.
Motor Cortex *
Movement; signals to spinal cord & cerebellum

12. Studying the Brain
EEG (Electroencephalograph) – electrodes record brain wave patterns
CAT/CT (Computerized Axial Tomography) – cross sectional series of X-Rays
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) – magnetic fields identify tissue types
fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) – magnetic field identifies structure & function
PET (Positron Emission Tomography) –decay of radioactive material used to visualize brain activity & use of nutrients

13. Nervous System Central Nervous System – Brain and Spinal Cord
Interprets, processes and responds to incoming information.
Peripheral Nervous System - Composed of autonomic and somatic nervous system
Links the CNS to the body’s sense receptors, muscles, and glands;

14. Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic – activates organs and glands; fight/flight stress response
Parasympathetic – calms body, recovery

15. Plasticity
The brain’s ability to change its structure and function in response to experience or damage

16. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Glands that secrete hormones. Hormones =
Chemical messengers in the bloodstream.
Hormones help regulate emotions and behaviors.

17. LEARNING *
A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience

18. Classical Conditioning *
Learning by association
A neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally produces a behavior (e.g. a reflex – such as salivation in Pavlov’s dogs or fear in Watson’s experiment with Little Albert)

19. Defining Terms Unconditioned Stimulus (US)*
Naturally produces unconditioned response *
Unconditioned Response (UR) –reflexive, innate
Neutral stimulus (NS) produces no response.
After pairing US & NS (conditioning), then NS becomes CS (conditioned stimulus *)
CS = learned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus produces conditioned response (CR) = learned response

20. Terms in Classical Conditioning
Stimulus Generalization * (Watson & Little Albert)
Respond to similar NS as if they were CS.
Stimulus Discrimination *
Learn to respond differently to similar stimuli
Extinction * -- Remove US, present CS,
conditioned response gradually declines
Spontaneous Recovery *
Learned response returns after extinction.

21. 2. Operant Conditioning *
Consequences determine frequency of behavior
Reinforcement (reinforcer)
Increases the frequency of behavior
Punishment
Suppresses behavior
Shaping
Reinforcement for successive
approximations to the target behavior

22. Key Concepts Extinction * Remove reinforcers, behavior decreases
Discriminative Stimulus *
Cue for availability of reinforcement
Generalization *
Treat similar stimuli as discriminative stimulus
Primary reinforcer *
Natural, biological –e.g. food, water, sleep
Secondary reinforcer *
Learned, social or exchange value

23. Positive & Negative Reinforcement
Both INCREASE Behavior
Positive reinforcement *
Increases behavior when given
Negative reinforcement *
Increases behavior when removed

24. Behavior Change What makes punishment more effective?
Consistent
Immediately after behavior
Combined with reinforcement for alternate behavior
Behavior Modification =
Applying the principles of conditioning to change behavior.
Token Economy - generic reinforcer can can be exchanged for something of value to an individual

25. 4. Observational Learning *
Learning by Observing the behavior of others.
Learning by Modeling