1. Thermal & Moisture Protection
Arch 330
Thermal & Moisture Protection
Roofing Systems

2. Roofing Systems 073000 Steep Slope Roofing Shingles and Shakes
Roof Tiles
Natural Roof Coverings
Roofing and Siding Panels
Roof and Wall Panels
Siding
Membrane Roofing
Flashing & Sheet Metal
Roof and Wall Specialties and Accessories

3. Division 7 078000 Fire and Smoke Protection 079000 Joint Protection
Joint Sealants and Expansion Control

5. Low Slope - Disadvantages
water drains slowly
standing water can cause deterioration
structural movement - tear the membrane.

6. Low Slope - Advantages can cover building of any horz. dimension
can serve as
balconies, decks, patios, landscaped gardens.

8. Name: Kallen Hawthorne ID# 10596914
Item Spotted: Flat roof
Observations: This is not a good roof design for wet climates. There is constantly puddles of water on the top of this roof.
Location: PEB, WSU Campus
Name: Kallen Hawthorne ID#

9. Steep Slope drains quickly
can be covered with roofing material of small overlapping units
- shingles of wood
- slate
- artificial composition
- tiles of fired clay or concrete
- bundles of reeds (thatch).

10. Steep Slope Thermal expansion / contraction minimized
Movement in structure is minimized
- by the ability of small units to move with - respect to one another.
Water vapor vents from the interior through the loose joints in the roofing material.

11. Name: Kallen Hawthorne ID# 10596914
Item Spotted: A combination of a flat and gamble roof
Observations: This building has a very interesting skyline because of the combination roof. However if one was to look closely at the picture, one con see puddles of standing water.
Location: Smith Gym, WSU Campus
Name: Kallen Hawthorne ID#

15. LOW SLOPE ROOF (not FLAT) < 3:12 pitch
Min Slope  
1/8” per 1’-0” or 1:100
1/4” per 1’-0” or 1:50

16. Low < 3:12 pitch 3
1/4 12

17. Roof Slope Slope Roof to direct water towards drainage points
- counter-acting structural deflection.
Depending on size of deck expansion joints should be provided to
- control expansion and contraction and
- satisfy requirements of membrane.
Membrane should be laid on flat surface.

18. FLAT ROOF - COMPONENTS • DECK • THERMAL INSULATION • VAPOR RETARDER
• MEMBRANE
• FLASHINGS
• DRAINAGE COMPONENTS

19. Deck:Types of structural deck used for low slope roof
Plywood over wood joists
Solid wood decking over heavy timber framing
Corrugated steel decking
Panels of wood fiber bonded together with portland cement
Poured gypsum over insulating formboard
Sitecast concrete and precast concrete

22. Insulating Deck Boards – wood/glass fibers
Truss Tee Purlins + slab of gypsum/lt wt conc

23. Thermal Insulation Below the Deck Between Deck + Membrane
Above the Membrane

24. Thermal Insulation: Below the Deck
Leaves the deck and membrane exposed to full range of temperature.
Batt insulation of glass fiber or mineral fiber between wood joists
- or on top of a suspended ceiling assembly.
Vapor retarder below insulation**
(Vapor retarder on warm side of insulation)

25. Insulation: Between Deck and Membrane
Rigid panels of insulation, light weight concrete.
Protects deck from temperature extremes.
Membrane subjected to extreme temperature variations.
Moisture trapped in insulation can damage insulation and deck.
Place vapor retarded on inside of insulation and vent insulation to release moisture.

26. Insulation: Above the Membrane
Membrane protected - extremes of temperature.
Membrane on warm side of insulation - immune to vapor blistering.
Insulation must be a material which is not effected by wet and will not disintegrate - extruded polystyrene board
Insulation board adhered in bed of hot asphalt or laid loose.
Layer of ballast laid over insulation.

27. Insulation: Above the Membrane
Ballast
- crushed stone
- thin concrete layer factory laminated to upper surface of insulation board
- interlocking concrete blocks.
Membrane ages little protected from sunlight and temperature extremes - despite presence of moisture.
Rigid insulation - mechanical fix to deck preferable.

28. Insulation above the Membrane: Other names for this system
Inverted roof
Upside down roof
Protected membrane roof,
+- 20years old

29. Vapor Retarder 2 sheets asphalt saturated roofing felt
In cold climate on warm side of insulation.**
In hot humid climate/with air conditioning - on outer side of insulation**

30. Membrane Built up roof membrane Single-ply roof membrane
Fluid-applied roof membrane

31. Built-up membrane 2-4 Layers/ plies of felt
asphalt impregnated, bedded in bitumen
felt: cellulose fibers/glass fibers +asphalt
Felt laminated in overlapping layers
Layer of aggregate (crushed stone)

32. Built-Up Membrane Bitumen - asphalt derived
For low pitch roofs - coal tar bitumen or coal-tar pitch used-
- greater resistance to standing water
Asphalt and coal tar are applied hot

33. Aggregate
Insulation
Felt
Conc. Deck
Insulation x 2
Metal Deck

34. 4 ply felt + hot asphalt

35. Single Ply Roof membrane
Single layer
More elastic - less cracking/tearing
Fixing: adhesives, ballast, concealed fasteners, mechanical fasteners.
Protective coating

36. Single Ply Roof Membrane
EPDM , synthetic rubber
(ethylene propylene diene monomer) 
NEOPRENE (polychloroprene)
synthetic rubber compound 
PVC (polyvinyl chloride)
vinyl - thermoplastic compound

37. Single-Ply Membrane

38. Aluminum Faced
Single-Ply Membrane

39. Fluid Applied Membrane
domes, vaults, complex shapes
roller or spray gun, applied
several coats - rubbery membrane.

40. Built-Up + Single Ply Ballast
loose stone aggregate
precast concrete blocks.
Ballast holds the membrane in place against wind uplift
Protects membrane from ultraviolet light and physical wear.
Increase the fire resistance of the roof covering.

41. Traffic Decks-walks, terraces, parking – on low slope roof
Heavy square paving slabs or stones –open joints
on blocks of plastic or conc on roof membrane
(b) Open Jointed Paving Blocks on A drainage layer of gravel or porous concrete leveled over the membrane
Water falls through the joints and is drained away by the membrane below
Membrane is not pierced.

42. Structural Standing Seam Metal Roofing for Low Slope Roofs:
Proprietary systems of standing seam metal roofing
Used as low slope roofs - 1/4" in 12 "(1:48).
The folded shape - stiffness - support itself + a normal snow load between purlins without the need for structural deck below.

49. Mechanical Fix
Through Insulation to Deck below

50. Hot Application of Layers

51. Stone ballast on Insulation on Membrane

53. Mechanical Fix

56. Steep Slope >3:12 pitch
11.25º 3 12

57. Steep Slope >3:12 pitch
Drains quickly,
Small overlapping units - Shingles
Expansion and contraction and movement
Water vapor vents

58. Steep Slope Roof – Systems 3 Categories of Covering
Thatch
Shingles – wood, asphalt, slate, clay/conc
Sheet Metal – lead, copper, terne, aluminum

59. Steep Sloped Roof Systems
Typically insulation and vapor retarder installed below the roof sheeting or deck.
Underside of deck is exposed as a finished surface
- vapor retarder and rigid insulation above the deck below roofing layer of plywood (nailed over the insulation panels as a nail base for fastening shingles or sheet metal).

60. Insulation
Steep Sloped Roof
Typically insulation and vapor retarder installed below the roof sheeting or deck.

61. Insulation
Steep Sloped Roof
Underside of deck is exposed as a finished surface

62. all
junctions

63. Thatch Bundles of reeds, grasses or leaves, Labor intensive
Highly insulative
Attractive
Codes limit its use
Not fire resistant

65. Shingles
Small size unit, applied to roof in overlapping layers - staggered vertical joints
wood shingles/ shakes
asphalt shingles
slates
clay tiles and concrete tiles.
PV – photovoltaic

66. Shingles
Each type of shingle, slate or tile must be laid on a roof deck - that slopes sufficiently to assure leak-proof performance.
Min. slope for each material are specified by the manufacturer and code

67. Wood Shingles:
Thin, tapered slabs of wood, SAWED from short pieces of tree trunk
Grain parallel to the face of the shingle.

70. Wood Shakes Split not sawn Rough face texture,
North US - wood shingles/ shakes are Red cedar, White cedar,
Redwood - natural decay resistance.
Wood roof covering moderately expensive, not highly resistant to fire unless pressure treated with fire retardant chemicals.

72. Asphalt Shingles
Asphalt impregnated felt - faced with mineral granules.
Die cut from sheet, typical size 12" x 36".
Slotted twice - smaller unit.
Inexpensive, quick to install, moderately fire resistant.
Expected life time of 15 to 25 years.
Laid on asphalt saturated felt paper in two layers.

79. Slate Split, trimmed to size and punched or drilled for nailing.
Fire resistant,
long lasting,
relatively expensive,
laid in over lapping layers.

83. Tiles – Clay, Concrete Glazed and unglazed
Concrete less expensive than clay roof tile.
Typically heavy
Durable
Highly resistant to fire
Expensive in first cost

87. Architectural Sheet Metal Roofing:
Relatively high in first cost
Last for many decades.
Galvanic action should be avoided in the roof installation.
Beware of water run-off also re galvanic action from one metal to another.

89. Seaside, Gulf Coast – The Truman Show

92. Strawbale, Potlatch, Idaho

94. Lead, Copper: Sheet Used since ancient times.
Self-protecting metal - last many decades.
Installed in sheets using systems of joining and fastening
Maintain water tightness at the seams.
Seams especially standing & batten seams create a strong visual pattern.

95. Lead, Copper: Sheet Lead oxidizes to a white color.
Copper turns blue-green in clear air, black in an industrial atmosphere.
Chemical treatments and coatings can be applied to preserve a desired color.

96. Other Sheet Metals Aluminum, Zinc Alloys,
Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Roofing
Can be used in same way as copper, lead and terne