1. Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Gentianales Family: Apocynaceae
Perennial herbs, trees, shrubs.
Usually milky latex.
Leaves opposite, simple, entire.
Flower actinomorphic, 5-merous.
Corolla 5 petals united into a tube.
Androecium of 5 epipetalous stamen.
Massive stigmatic area: Cavuncle.
Fruit: follicle, berry, capsule.
Seeds often comose.
Apocyanum “dogbane” Amsonia “blue star”

2. Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Gentianales Family: Asclepidaceae
Perennial herbs, shrubs.
Usually milky latex.
Leaves opposite, simple, entire.
Flower actinomorphic, bisexual, 5-merous, hypogenous.
Inflorescence umbellate.

3. Calyx of 5 basally connate sepals.
Corolla of 5 united petals - specialized.
2 carpels.
Specialized corolla structure corona - hoods (5), beaks (5), pistil gynostegeum grooves (5), anthers - pollinia (5)

4. Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Gentianales Family: Asclepidaceae
Perennial herbs, shrubs.
Usually milky latex.
Leaves opposite, simple, entire.
Flower actinomorphic, bisexual, 5-merous, hypogenous.
Inflorescence umbellate.
Calyx of 5 basally connate sepals.
Corolla of 5 united petals - specialized.
2 carpels.
Specialized corolla structure corona - hoods (5), beaks (5), pistil - gynostegeum grooves (5), anthers - pollinia (5)
Fruit: Follicle.
Asclepias “milkweeds”

5. Class: Magnoliopsida. Order: Polygonales
Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Polygonales Family:polygonaceae “smartweeds”
1. Herbs with swollen nodes.
2. Leaves with nodal ocrae.

6. Class: Magnoliopsida. Order: Polygonales
Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Polygonales Family:polygonaceae “smartweeds”
1. Herbs with swollen nodes.
2. Leaves with nodal ocrae.
3. No corolla.
4. Calyx petaloid (mostly closed).
5. 3 carpels
Polygonum “smartweeds”
Rumex “buckwheats” “dock”
Rheum “rhubarb”

7. Class: Magnoliopsida. Order: Polygonales
Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Polygonales Family:polygonaceae “smartweeds”

8. Class: Magnoliopsida. Order: Polygonales
Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Polygonales Family:polygonaceae “smartweeds”
Polygonum “smartweeds”
Rumex “buckwheats” “dock”
Rheum “rhubarb”

9. Class: Liliopsida Order: Poales Family: Poaceae (Gramineae)
Roots are always fibrous. Perennial grasses may have rhizomes.

10. Class: Liliopsida Order: Poales Family: Poaceae (Gramineae)
Roots are always fibrous. Perennial grasses may have rhizomes.
Shoots are called culms.
Leaves are parallel-veined. Sheath, ligulle, blade
Flowers (florets) are always clustered into spiklets.
- 2 stigmas, 3 stamen (long filaments), No calyx or corolla!
- each floret is enclosed by two scales: lemma (may be awned), Palea

11. Poa, Bromus, Andropogon

12. Class: Liliopsida Order: Cyperales Family: Cyperaceae “sedges”
Herbs, stems often triangular, solid.
Leaves 3-rankes; sheaths closed; no ligules.

13. Class: Liliopsida Order: Cyperales Family: Cyperaceae “sedges”
Perennial or annual herbs, stems often triangular, solid.
Leaves 3-rankes; sheaths closed; no ligules.
Flowers subtended by a single bract, lodicule absent.
Perianth if present represented by bristles or scales.
Androecium 1 – 3; gynecium 2 – 3 if present, superior.

14. Class: Liliopsida Order: Cyperales Family: Cyperaceae “sedges”
Perennial or annual herbs, stems often triangular, solid.
Leaves 3-rankes; sheaths closed; no ligules.
Flowers subtended by a single bract, lodicule absent.
Perianth if present represented by bristles or scales.
Androecium 1 – 3 if present; gynecium 2 – 3 if present, superior; perigynium sometimes covers pistil.
Plants monoecious ir dioecious.
Spikelets are usually solitary subtended by 1 bract; arrangement of spikelets in various types of inforescences, each inflorescence subtended by 1 or more bracts.
700 genera and 4000 species worldwide, esp. in temperate and cold regions.
Cyperus “sedges”…Cyperus papyrus made into paper B.C. Egypt
Carex “sedges”, Scirpus “bulrushes”, Eleocharis “spike rushes”

15. Class: Liliopsida Order: Cyperales Family: Cyperaceae “sedges”
Carex “sedges”

16. Class: Liliopsida Order: Cyperales Family: Cyperaceae “sedges”
Scirpus “bulrushes”

17. Class: Liliopsida Order: Cyperales Family: Cyperaceae “sedges”
Eleocharis “spike rushes”