1. Mannerism

2. Between the HIGH RENAISSANCE & the BAROQUE era, ART, especially Italian art, developed into a style known as MANNERISM. Mannerism was a deliberate revolt by artists against the goals of the Renaissance.
Why was the flawless representation of nature & the human body, the rational & harmonious designs, and the classical balance of the High Renaissance rejected?
MANNERSIM favored emotion over reason, conflict over harmony, and imagination over reality.
WHY??
Mannerism examples

3. POLITICAL UNREST IN ITALY: At the time of the High Renaissance, Italy was at peace and confident.
Then……France invaded Italy & took over parts of it.
Rome was sacked by the Germans & the Spaniards.
France & Spain waged war over control of Italy and for the next century much of Italy was ruled by foreign kings.

4. RELIGIOUS DISUNITY
At the beginning of the 16th century Europe was Catholic & the Church was influential, politically powerful, extremely wealthy & CORRUPT.
People were beginning to think the church offered meaningless rituals, “bought” pardons for sins, and consisted of clergy who abused their power, lived lavishly and immorally.
People’s respect for priests, monks and popes weakened.
There was a clear distrust and dislike of the clergy.

5. Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church eventually led to the religious movement called the Protestant Reformation and brought changes in religion and politics across Europe.
Early reformers believed the church should give up earthly possessions (views which were unpopular by church officials).
These early reformers were removed from their positions, excommunicated by the pope, arrested and burned at the stake.

6. Martin Luther publicly criticized the church in his Ninety-Five Theses (which he nailed to church doors to act as public bulletins).
He insisted that God’s grace cannot be won by money, and declared the only head of the church was Jesus, not the pope. He insisted that people should be their own interpreters of scripture.
Desire for reform grew. The pope expelled him from the church and he was declared an outlaw. There were “protests” against his writings – Protestant.
These and other ideas spread across Europe. Protestant Reformation spread to England when King Henry VIII declared himself head of the Church of England after the pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine.

7. Mannerist Style Features:
Compositions with no focal point
Ambiguous space
Compositions are jammed and often unbalanced
Figures bend and twist in unnatural ways
Figures often grossly muscular
Distortions and exaggerations in the body
Elongated limbs
Bizarre postures
Uniform small, oval heads
Clashing, artificial colours
Instability and restlessness
Artificial lighting to heighten tension
Deposition, Jacopo Pontormo c. 1528

8. COMPARE these 2 works of the same subject matter but of different Art periods.
Mannerism
Exaggerations
Disproportionate
Tiny head and feet compared to hips (diamond shape)
Impossibly long, boneless fingers
Long neck
Ambiguity in space
Angels on left – uncertainty in their purpose
Echoes Michelangelo’s Pieta (Christ is asleep but looks dead)
Erotic undertones
Ambiguity = successful mannerist artwork
High Renaissance
Madonna with the Long Neck, 1535, Parmigianino

9. The Last Supper by Tintoretto, 1592–94
Crowded, dramatic composition
Plunging diagonal perspective, off balance design & lighting for emotional effect rather than accuracy
More about imaginations than reality (angels)
Includes servants, dishwasher, animal drinking water – disconnect.
Lantern = Holy Spirit.
Judas – only one on opposite side of table, no halo

10. El Greco, 1586 El Greco, Holy Trinity, 1577 Long, distorted bodies
Harsh light
Exaggeration of features
Strong, acid colours
Twisted figures
Sense of movement
Emotion
Greek born painter, sculptor, and architect who settled in Spain and is regarded as the first great artist of Spain. He was known as El Greco (the Greek), but his real name was Domenikos Theotocopoulos
El Greco, Holy Trinity, 1577

11. Identify the Work…

12. Michelangelo, Pietà 1500, Marble
HIGH RENAISSANCE

13. Parmigianino
Madonna with the Long Neck,
MANNERISM

14. Botticelli, Birth of Venus, 1484-86.
EARLY RENAISSANCE

15. Leonardo Da Vinci
“Mona Lisa” ca
HIGH RENAISSANCE

16. Masaccio, Tribute Money, 1427
EARLY RENAISSANCE

17. Tintoretto, The Last Supper, 1592-94, MANNERISM

18. Raphael, The School of Athens, 1511, HIGH RENAISSANCE

19. El Greco, Mannerism

20. Donatello
David
EARLY RENAISSANCE

21. Masaccio
Holy Trinity
1428
EARLY RENAISSANCE

22. Michelangelo
David
HIGH RENAISSANCE

23. Michelangelo, Creation of Man, Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel 1508-1512 HIGH RENAISSANCE

24. Jacopo Pontormo
Deposition from the Cross
MANNERISM

25. Leonardo Da Vinci. The Last Supper 1495-1498. HIGH RENAISSANCE

26. Leonardo da Vinci
Vitruvian Man
HIGH RENAISSANCE

27. Michelangelo
Last Judgment
HIGH RENAISSANCE