1. BACTERIA & VIRUSES
CHAPTER 18

2. BACTERIA BACTERIA ARE SMALL AND SUCCESSFUL
OLDEST GROUP OF ORGANISMS ON EARTH
CAN BE FOUND ALMOST ANYWHERE ON EARTH

3. BACTERIA CAN LIVE BENEATH 1,200 FEET OF ICE IN ANTARCTICA
1 GRAM OF SOIL = 2.5 BILLION BACTERIA
MOST SPECIES OF BACTERIA COME IN 3 SHAPES:
1. SPHERICAL / ROUND
2. SPIRAL
3. ROD-SHAPED

4. BACTERIA CLASSIFIED IN KINGDOM: ARCHAEBACTERIA OR EUBACTERIA
ALL BACTERIA ARE PROKARYOTES
*ARE THE MOST NUMEROUS ORGANISM ON EARTH*

5. KINGDOM: EUBACTERIA HAVE AN OUTER CELL WALL MADE OF PEPTIDOGYLCAN
FOUND MOST PLACES ON EARTH
MOST COMMON FORM
OF BACTERIA

6. KINGDOM: ARCHAEBACTERIA
FOUND IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS
THREE TYPES:
1. THERMOACIDOPHILES: LIVE IN HOT, ACIDIC, AND EXTREME TEMPERATURES (VOLCANOES)
2. HALOPHILES: LIVE IN SALTY ENIVRONMENTS (GREAT SALT LAKE. UTAH)
3. METHANOGENS: CANNOT LIVE IN THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN (IN OUR INTESTINAL TRACT, SEWAGE PLANTS, BOGS)

7. IDENTIFYING PROKARYOTES:
All Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus.
To classify bacteria Scientists have used:
1. shape
2. # of cell walls- some have 2 cells walls
3. movement- Some have Flagella: made of thin filaments

8. 1. Three general shapes: Cocci: are spherical or round
Bacilli: are rod – shaped
Spirilli: Spiral – shaped

9. BACTERIA Reproduce Asexually through:
BINARY FISSION: SPLITTING INTO
TWO IDENTICIAL BACTERIA
GENERATION TIME: IS THE TIME
REQUIRED FOR A BACTERIUM
TO DIVIDE
IN 10 HOURS, WITH ABUNDANT FOOD,
1 BACTERIA CAN REPRODUCE THROUGH BINARY FISSION TO FORM….. 1 BILLION BACTERIA

10. Because the reproduce Asexually they use…….
CONJUGATION: GENETIC MATERIAL IS SHARED BETWEEN 2 BACTERIA
CONJUGATION DOES NOT INCREASE THE # OF BACTERIA- IS ONLY SHARING OF GENETIC MATERIAL
INCREASES Genetic DIVERSITY

11. 2. MUTATIONS
BACTERIA REPRODUCE QUICLKY AND MUTATIONS CAN HELP THE BACTERIA SURVIVE A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT
THE BACTERIA THAT HAVE MUTATIONS THAT HELP THEM SURVIVE BETTER IN THE NEW ENVIRONMENT…….. WILL SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE

12. How Bacteria Affect Humans
BENEFICIAL BACTERIA:
DECOMPOSERS- break down waste/garbage
NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA
USED TO MANUFACTURE DRUGS
BACTERIA USED TO PRODUCE INSULIN FOR DIABETICS
USED TO MANUFACTURE FOOD
YOGURT
OLIVES
CABBAGE….…..SAUERKRAUT
CUCUMBERS….PICKLES

13. HOW BACTERIA AFFECT HUMANS
PATHOGEN: IS A DISEASE CAUSING AGENT
PATHOGENIC BACTERIA ARE HARMFUL – DESTROY HOSTS TISSUES
DAMAGE CAUSED BY DIRECT ATTACK
OR FROM TOXINS THE BACTERIA RELEASES

14. MODES OF TRANSMISSION
BACTERIA CAN BE TRANSMITTED BY:
AIR
WATER
FOOD
INSECTS
DIRECT CONTACT

15. BACTERIA RESPONSIBLE FOR : TOOTH DECAY ULCERS LYME DISEASE
TUBERCULOSIS
TETANUS
FOOD POISIONING

16. WHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT BACTERIA
WHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT BACTERIA? Statistics tells us that 1in 7 of all humans dies of tuberculosis…" Even today, ten million people suffer from the disease yearly. Every day, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, causes the death of about 4000 patients.

17. FOOD POISIONING E. COLI: FOUND IN OUR INTESTINAL TRACT
E. COLI SYNTHESIZES VITAMIN K FOR US
NEW STRAIN HAS CAUSED SEVERE FOOD POISIONING….DEATH
UNDER COOKED HAMBURGER
SALMONELLIA: FOUND IN MANY FOODS- POULTRY
CAUSES VOMITING, DIARRHEA AND ADDOMINAL CRAMPING

18. HOW WE PROTECT OURSELVES
HEAT OR COLD CAN REDUCE BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION
HEAT KILLS BACTERIA
COOL – SLOWS THE GROWTH OF BACTERIA
PASTEURIZATION: HEATING FOOD ENOUGH TO KILL MOST BACTERIA
KILLS BOTULISM FROM CANNED FOOD
KILLS TUBERCULOSIS

19. WHAT IS IN A COUGH/SNEEZE?
AIR TRANSMISSION:
10, ,000 BACTERIA IN THE DROPLETS OF A SNEEZE OR COUGH
MOST SERIOUS AIRBORNE DISEASE IS TUBERCULOSIS (TB) ~ 3 MILLION DIE ANNUALLY
TB IS THE LEADING WORLDWIDE CAUSE OF DEATH FROM AND INFECTIOUS AGENT

20. 3 METHODS OF CONTROLLING BACTERIA DISEASES
1. SANATIZING OUR WATER
INDUSTRIALIZED COUTRIES SANITATIZE THEIR WATER BY FILTERING AND USING CHLORINE
25 MILLION PEOPLE DIE WORLDWIDE FROM CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER

21. 3 METHODS OF CONTROLLING BACTERIA DISEASES
2. VACCINES: STIMULATE YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM TO PRODUCE DEFENSES AGAINST THE BACTERIA
VACCINES CONTAIN DEAD BACTERIA THAT CANNOT PRODUCE ILLNESS
TO BE PROTECTED FROM MANY ILLNESSES YOU MAY NEED SEVERAL DOSES OF A VACCINE

22. 3 METHODS OF CONTROLLING BACTERIA DISEASES
3. ANTIBIOTICS: ARE USED TO TREAT BACTERIAL INFECTIONS/ DISEASES
ALEXANDER FLEMING: DISCOVERED PENICILLIN
THOUGHT HIS EXPERIMENT WAS CONTAMINATED BY MOLD
NOTICED BACTERIA DID NOT GROW WHERE THE MOLD WAS

23. ANTIBIOTICS SOME PREVENT BACTERIA’S CELL WALLS FROM FORMING
OVER USED – CAUSING ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
THE BACTERIA THAT SURVIVE RESIST THE ANTIBIOTIC AND THEN REPRODUCE. THEY PASS ON THIS RESISTANCE
OCCURS WHEN ANTIBIOTICS ARE USED IMPROPERLY ……..FOR VIRUSES
OCCURS WHEN PATIENTS DO NOT TAKE THEIR FULL COURSE OF ANTIBIOTICS