1. Bacteria

2. Bacteria
Characteristics
*Prokaryote – no nucleus
*Living
*Decomposer

3. IDENTIFICATION Shape *Rod shaped (Bacilli) *Round shaped (cocci)
*Spiral shaped (spirilla)
Movement-
*flagella
*spiral
*no movement

4. How do bacteria replicate?
*Binary Fisson-By dividing in half – similar to how our cells divide.

5. How do bacteria cause diseases?
1.Damage the tissue of the infected organism by directly breaking them down for food
*Tuberculosis – break down lung tissue

6. Video clip *Food poisoning – meat or eggs
2. Release poisons that harm the body
*Food poisoning – meat or eggs
*Streptococcus – step throat or scarlet fever (reddish rash all over the body)
Video clip

7. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Arrangement
Paired: diplo
Grape-like clusters: staphylo
Chains: strepto
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

8. GENETIC RECOMBINATION
-Many bacteria can take in foreign DNA
-Increased diversity/antibiotic resistance:
1. Transformation
2. Conjugation
3. Transduction
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

9. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
CONJUGATION
FRONT OF FLASH CARD
BACK OF FLASH CARD
-hollow bridge/tube to exchange DNA
- increases genetic diversity
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

10. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Environmental DNA
Transformation
Front of flash card
Back of flash card
prokaryote take in DNA from its environment.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

11. Transduction (FRONT OF CARD)
BACK OF CARD
-virus gets small part of host cell/prokaryote DNA.
-virus copies itself in host
-carries prokaryote DNA to next cell
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

13. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

14. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

15. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Bacterial Metabolism
Bacteria are living. Require a constant supply of energy and materials to grow/live.
Photo-heterotroph:
Chemo-heterotroph:
Photo-autotroph:
Chemo-autotroph:
CO2
CO2
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

16. Producers or consumers???
Bacteria need energy AND carbon to live.
Heterotrophs:
photoheterotroph-light energy, carbon from organisms.
chemoheterotroph- BOTH energy/carbon from other organisms
Autotrophs
photoautotrophs-light energy, carbon from CO2.
chemoautotroph-energy from inorganic compounds, carbon from CO2
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

17. If a bacteria is feeding on a dead tortoise in the sunshine in the desert, which type bacteria/metabolism would it be?
Photoheterotroph
What if a bacteria was feeding on a dead animal all day and all night regardless if there was sunlight or not?
chemoheterotroph

18. Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
Natural selection:
Resistant bacteria survive/reproduce
Those not resistant die.
Some bacteria mutate or pick up plasmid DNA that allows them to be “immune” to antibiotics
Whole population becomes resistant
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

19. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

20. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

21. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

22. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

23. Can you get rid of a bacterial infection?
*Yes !
*Antibiotics –block growth and reproduction of bacteria
penicillin and tetracycline

24. Are there good bacteria?
Used to produce: cheese, yogurt, buttermilk and sour-cream, pickles, wine
Video Clip

25. Viruses
Video Clip

26. READ ONLY What makes something a living organism?
In isolation, viruses and bacteriophages show none of the expected signs of life. They do not respond to stimuli, they do not grow, they do not do any of the things we normally associate with life.

27. Viruses Non-living particle made of: -nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
-a protein coat

28. Viruses Characteristics: NOT living
Can only reproduce inside a living cell
No cellular functions /cytoplasm
Don’t grow/move on their own
Don’t need energy/food
Don’t respond to stimuli

29. Virus Anatomy DNA or RNA Protein Coat (called a CAPSID)
Sometimes have lipids

31. Bacteriophage
Virus that infects ONLY bacteria

32. Common Viral Infections
Polio
HIV
Flu
Cold
Fever

33. Retrovirus
A retrovirus’ genetic information is copied backward— from RNA to DNA.
This DNA is inserted into the host cell DNA
The virus that causes AIDS is a retrovirus.

34. HIV is a retrovirus injecting the enzyme, reverse transcriptase into the cell to copy viral RNA into DNA.

35. Viruses are host specific – a protein on the surface of the virus has a shape that matches a molecule in the plasma membrane of its host, allowing the virus to lock onto the host cell.

36. HIV is a retrovirus injecting the enzyme, reverse transcriptase into the cell to copy viral RNA into DNA.

37. Viruses are host specific – a protein on the surface of the virus
has a shape that matches a molecule in the plasma membrane
of its host, allowing the virus to lock onto the host cell.

38. HIV doesn’t target just any cell, it goes right for the cells that want to kill it. “Helper" T cells are HIV's primary target. These cells help direct the immune system's response to various pathogens.

39. HIV undermines the body's ability to protect against disease by depleting T cells thus destroying the immune system.
The virus can infect 10 billion cells a day, yet only 1.8 billion can be replaced daily.

40. After many years of a constant battle, the body has insufficient numbers of T-Cells to mount an immune response against infections. At the point when the body is unable to fight off infections, a person is said to have the disease AIDS.
It is not the virus or the disease that ultimately kills a person; it is the inability to fight off something as minor as the common cold.

41. Virus Reproduction

42. Viral Vector A carrier of the virus(from one host to another)
If infected bird is bitten by a mosquito, then the mosquito bites and infects a human…
Which is the vector? The bird, mosquito, or human?
ANSWER-the mosquito
Create your own team example
EX: humans, animals, ticks, fleas, mosquitos

43. Viral Infection Lytic Infection – 1.virus enters the cell
2. copies itself
3. causes the cell to burst

44. Lytic Infection Animation

45. Viral Infection Lysogenic Infection – 1. virus enters the cell
2. Hides/remains dormant
3. then enters lytic cycle

46. The Lysogenic Cycle

49. Can you get rid of a viral infection?
No – never(if it’s latent)
The virus will remain in your body permanently.
It will be dormant until activated again.
Symptoms can be helped but there is no cure.

50. Pathogen Any disease causing agent Virus Bacteria Parasites Molds,
fungus

51. Treating diseases
Antibiotic-Block growth and reproduction of bacteria.
Used after you are infected
Does NOT work on a virus! BACTERIA ONLY!
Ex: Penicillin, Erythromycin, Amoxicillin
Vaccine-Preparation of killed or weakened pathogens
When injected prompts body’s immune response
Only effective BEFORE you get the disease
Virus OR bacteria

52. Can you prevent a viral infection?
Yes – vaccination if done before the infection begins
Video Clip