1. PERIOD
MEAN MULT. CHOICE
MEDIAN MULT. CHOICE
RANGE MULT. CHOICE
ESSAYS:
MEAN OVERALL
MEDIAN OVERALL
RANGE OVERALL 2
75.1
82.5
(66)
1- 3
2- 7
4/5- 3 74
<50: 3
51-64: 6
65-69: 2
70-79: 3
80-89: 7
90-100: 6 5
77.1 80
(64)
1- 1
2- 9
4/5- 1 76
<50: 0
51-64: 5
65-69: 7
70-79: 4
80-89: 6 6
82.1 90
(72)
42.5-
100
1- 2
2- 5
<50: 1
51-64: 2
90-100: 8 8 85
1- 2
2- 6
4/5- 4 83
51-64: 3
65-69: 0
80-89: 13
90-100: 10 9
81.2
(65)
4/5- 1 78
65-69: 5
70-79: 6
80-89: 10
90-100: 5

2. Review Books: $11.55 On-line via credit card Cash or check to me
Please have in by February 11 (Wednesday)

3. Samuel Ehrhardt, ‘History Repeats Itself: The Robber Barons of the Middle Ages and the Robber Barons of Today’, Puck, c. 1889

4. (UNIT 6– GILDED AGE) What can workers do?

5. (Before answering, please drop all preconceptions based on current law, etc.): As a business owner…..
Do I have the “right” to pay you whatever I want and dictate the “terms of your employment”?
Do I have the “right” to hire/ fire whomever I want?
Do I have the “right” to do whatever it takes to “beat” the competition?

6. Extra Credit? Watch episodes… Take notes
Reflection- Captains of industry or robber barons?
Evidence for each side…
Take a stance….

7. Labor Unions Emerge: (an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests)
Working Conditions:
Six or seven days a week
12+ hours
No benefits (vacation, sick time, unemployment, injury)
Dangers:
injuries common; dangerous equipment
675 deaths a week in ’82
Wages:
to survive, women and children often had to work
 child labor:
20% of boys, 10% of girls work full time- no education
sweatshops:
done in tenement houses;
women and children (27 cents for 14 hour day- children)

8. Homestead Steel Strike- VIDEO
June 30, July 6, 1892
Homestead, PA (outside of Pittsburg)
“LABOR”- Amalgamated Association of iron and Steel workers
VERSUS
“MANAGEMENT”- Carnegie Steel Company

9. NOTEBOOK/ SCRAP PAPER:
What are the two opposing viewpoints in the conflict?
LABOR MANAGEMENT
Who “wins” the conflict? (explain)
What role does the government play?

10. Homestead Strike- (Friday’s video)
What are the two opposing viewpoints in the conflict?
LABOR MANAGEMENT
Who “wins” the conflict? (explain)
What role does the government play?

11. Outcome of Homestead strike…
Pinkertons attacked after surrendering: “As the Pinkertons were marched through town to the Opera House (which served as a temporary jail), the townspeople continued to assault the agents. Two agents were beaten as horrified town officials looked on. The press expressed shock at the treatment of the Pinkerton agents, and the torrent of abuse helped turn media sympathies away from the strikers”
Militia (National Guard) sides with owners
(union welcomes militia, pledge cooperation…
4000 Militia surrounds plant, displaces the strikers)
Strikebreakers (“scabs”) brought in, protected by militia-
bunkhouses, etc., built on grounds by Frick
Many black (race war breaks out on July 22)
Furnaces relit on July picketers bayoneted by militia when they try to stop it.
(July 23- anarchist tries to assassinate Frick- shot and stabbed in office)
Leads to loss of public support
By August, Eastern European workers have plant going at full capacity…
Union votes to go back to work on Carnegie’s terms
Strike failed, union collapses (AA bankrupted by having to pay strikers)
Steel can’t successfully organize until 1930s

12. The Pullman Strike
Chicago 1894

14. American Federation of Labor (craft unions)
Types of workers it organized
Tactics used (strikes, collective bargaining, arbitration)
Goals- types of reforms sought
Level of success?
Knights of Labor
ALL WORKERS (men, women, minorities, immigrants, skilled unskilled) 700,000-’86
Mostly arbitration- third party solves dispute
8-hour work day
Equal pay for men and women
Declines after failure of strikes
American Federation of Labor (craft unions)
Skilled workers
LEADER: Samuel Gompers
Collective bargaining- negotiation between labor and management
Strikes used
“bread and butter issues”
Higher wages
Shorter work weeks
Quite successful (
Weekly wages:
54.5 hrs- 49)
American Railway Union (industrial union)
All workers in a specific industry (railroad)
Unskilled, semi-skilled, some skilled
LEADER: Eugene V. Debs
Strikes
Declines after failure of a strike

15. Homestead Strike (1892): Conditions that led to the strike:
Announcement to cut wages at Carnegie Steel.
Tactics used by both sides (labor and management):
Labor: go on strike; attack plant- occupy it and keep it closed
Management: hires scabs, hires “Pinkertons” (armed guards) to protect plant
Role of the state and/ or federal government:
National Guard sent in to reopen plant
Outcome of the strike:
after 5 months, union gives in to company; loses public support; 45 years until steel workers unionize again

16. Pullman Palace Car Company
Railway car company owned by George Pullman
Over 6,000 workers
Workers lived in “company town”
Rent was 25% higher than other areas
Interior of a Pullman Sleeper Car

17. Reasons for the Strike Historical Context: Depression of 1893
Pullman cut workers’ wages but didn’t cut rent for apartments
On May 10, 1894, workers walked out of their factory

18. ARU Supports Pullman Workers
American Railway Union was a national union of railway workers
Eugene Debs, ARU leader, decided to support Pullman strikers
Across the nation, railway workers refused to run trains that had Pullman cars attached to them
The country was paralyzed
At height: 250,000 workers on strike; 27 states

19. Eugene Debs
Eugene V. Debs, the rail union president at the time of the strike, later campaigned as the American Socialist presidential candidate

20. President Grover Cleveland sends in troops

21. Violence Erupts Presence of federal troops set off riots
Rioters burned buildings
By end, 30 dead
$8 million in damages

22. End of Strike By August the strike fell apart
1000 union workers were fired
New workers had to sign contracts promising not to join a union
Debs was arrested and jailed for 6 months

23. How could “media” be considered a branch of government?

24. MEDIA BIAS?.... Which paper sided with whom?
Look for key words or phrases…. That present different sides of the story…

25. Instructions… 1894 Pullman Strike- Debs & strikers VS. Pullman
Read the two accounts and fill in graphic organizer
CLOSE READ: UNDERLINE KEY WORDS/ PHRASES that possibly show bias.
After discussing as a group, be prepared to briefly present findings to class
Key words, phrases
SIMILARITIES/ Differences in the story being reported

26. A: May 12 1894 strike begins at the Pullman factory…

27. B: June 26-28 1894 (during the first week of the national railway boycott)

28. C: July 7 1894 (federal troops had been in Chicago for 3 days)

29. July (as strike coming to end) -July 10- Debs arrested for violating a court order (injunction) -out on bail

30. Was Debs/ ARU heroes or villains?
Was the boycott against Pullman legitimate protest or “dangerous criminality”? (250,000 workers walk off; violence ensues- 30 dead, $8 million dollars in damage)
Was the government justified in arresting Debs to refuse a court injunction to cease the strike?

31. Pullman Strike Conditions that led to the strike:
Pullman lays off more than half of work force; cuts pay of rest
Still charges the same for rent
Tactics used by both sides (labor and management):
Labor: strike called; Debs asks for arbitration; ARU boycotts Pullman trains; go after strikebreakers (scabs)
Management: hires scabs; refuses arbitration
Role of the state and/ or federal government:
President Cleveland sends in federal troops to end strike
Courts issue an “injunction” (order) to halt the strike
Debs is arrested for refusing the injunction
Outcome of the strike:
Pullman fires strikers
Strikers “blacklisted”- no RR company will hire them

32. The Pullman Strike
How did Chicago newspapers cover the Pullman Strike?
Chicago Times VS. Chicago Tribune
Whose “fault” was it?
Who were the “good guys”/ “bad guys”?