1. INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
MATA KULIAH
PENGANTAR PSIKOLOGI
INTRODUCTION
TO PSYCHOLOGY
-- By Yanti B. Sugarda --

2. Definition :
Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes
Psikologi adalah ilmu tentang perilaku dan proses mental.
Psychology is based on scientific methods

3. Related to thought activities
Memory Awareness
Thinking Logic
Beliefs Ratio
Learning Understanding
Perception Attention
Motivation Learning
Intelligence Senses
Language
Cognitive Aspects
Related to thought activities
Emotions
Attitude
Likes/dislikes
Feelings
B. Affective Aspects
Biological Behavior
Motoric Behavior
Social Behavior/Communication
C. Conative Aspects (Behavioral Aspects)

4. Measurement of Mental Processes and Behavior
Psychologists use techniques based on scientific methods
by collecting data through :
Careful observation
Formulating a hypothesis about significance of data
Testing the hypothesis empirically
Contoh : mengamati sekelompok anak, sedang berantam, hipotesis mengenai penyebab berantam, menguji kebenaran hipotesis.

5. (Psychological process)
Influences Stimulus
Reactions/ Responses
(Psychological process)

6. Theory of Need and Motivation
Maslow Theory
An individual is motivated by 5 basic and hierarchical needs :
Physical/Biological Needs
Safety Needs
Social Needs
Esteem Needs
Self-Actualization Needs

7. Areas of Psychology Development Psychology
Studies mental and physical growth in humans from the prenatal period through childhood, adolescence, adult and old age + gender difference.
Physiological Psychology
Studies the extent to which behavior is caused by physical conditions in the body, nervous system, and biochemistry.
3. Personality Psychology
Studies differences in traits among people, such as anxiety, sociability, self esteem, and aggressiveness.

8. 4. Experimental Psychology
Studies basic processes such as learning, memory, sensation, perception, cognition, motivation, emotion.
5. Clinical and Counseling Psychology
Diagnosis, causes, and treatment of abnormal behavior. Counseling : “normal” problems of adjustment.
6. Social Psychology
Studies influence of people on one another.
7. Industrial/Organizational Psychology
Address the problem of personnel, training, working conditions, effect of automation.

9. PSYCHOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION – (found in all areas)
Communication deals with
1. The person as : - an individual
- a group
2. The stimulation or message
3. The medium
4. The effect or response
5. The person as : - communicator
- receiver
All are behavior related
Thus, psychology related
Psychological influences
Medium
Communicator
Message
Receiver

10. Approaches in Studying Behavior
Naturalistic – Observation
Study animals and humans behavior in natural setting instead of laboratory.
Experimental method
Begins with idea or hypothesis about relationship between variables by manipulating dependent, independent and control variables.
Correlational methods
Without manipulating or change variables.

11. PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACHES Research Methods Used
a). The Naturalistic Observation Method
Study on human behavior in its natural context
 real-life situation
Disadvantage : observer bias
Overcoming disadvantage :
- recording systematically
- more than one researcher
b). The Experimental Method
Arranged condition to experiment on reaction toward
stimulus
The steps
1. Observe  hypothesis
2. Pick subjects : - experimental group : subject to change
- control group : not subject to change
3. Independent variable
Variable that is manipulated to test effect on dependent variable
4. Dependent variable
Variable that is changed by manipulation of independent variable

12. c). The Correlation Method To correlate between 2 or more variables
Example :
Capacity
Interest
Between 100 girls and 100 boys: interest to become an advertising person

13. Assignment
Give examples of communication messages that have psychological influences.
Give examples of the psychological influences on audience (receiver)