1. Antimicrobial peptides
Ling-juan Zhang, Richard L. Gallo 
Current Biology 
Volume 26, Issue 1, Pages R14-R19 (January 2016)
DOI: /j.cub
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2. Figure 1 Biological function of antimicrobial peptides.
AMPs bind to bacterial membranes through electrostatic interactions either to disrupt the membrane or to enter the bacterium to inhibit intracellular function. Some AMPs also modulate host immunity by recruiting/activating immunocytes or by influencing Toll-like receptor (TLR) recognition of microbial products and nucleic acids released upon tissue damage. DC, dendritic cell; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; LTA, lipoteichoic acid; MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein.
Current Biology  , R14-R19DOI: ( /j.cub )
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2 The strategy of ‘layered’ AMPs used by human skin.
A representative but incomplete list of AMPs expressed by human skin. Epidermal keratinocytes constitutively express human β-defensin 1 (hBD1) and RNase7, whereas other AMPs are either downregulated in atopic dermatitis (AD) or upregulated during infection and inflammation or in psoriasis. Commensal bacteria, such as S. epidermidis, produce a number of AMPs, such as phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs). In the dermis, sebaceous glands and eccrine sweat glands also secrete AMPs. Immunocytes, including neutrophils, dendritic cells (DC), T cells, mast cells and monocytes, are recruited to skin upon infection or inflammation, and AMPs produced by those cells are listed. In the dermal adipose layer, cathelicidin is produced during the differentiation of adipocytes (Ad) from preadipocytes (pAd).
Current Biology  , R14-R19DOI: ( /j.cub )
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4. Figure 3 Local and systemic AMP response in Drosophila.
Drosophila produces AMPs in response to microbial infection, either locally by epithelial cells or systemically by the fat body which secretes AMPs into hemolymph. Activation of the Toll pathway by Gram-positive bacteria or fungi, or the Imd pathway by Gram-negative bacteria, triggers NFκB activation followed by induction of AMPs, the effector molecules that mediate microbial lysis. The table on the right lists the main AMPs and their antimicrobial targets in Drosophila.
Current Biology  , R14-R19DOI: ( /j.cub )
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions