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Human Growth and Development
Day #8 January 6, 2011
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Agenda Submit tests and puzzles Continue Infancy and Early Childhood
Film Assignment
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Types of Play* Sensorimotor Play Parallel Play Rough and Tumble Play
Play Face Mastery Play Dramatic Play * not a complete list; categories are not mutually exclusive
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First clearly delineated “stage theory”
Sigmund Freud First clearly delineated “stage theory” Human development proceeds in orderly stages; one stage must be reached before the next stage can happen Controversial Failure to attain success is called fixation.
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Psychosexual Stages Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital
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Anal Stage Focus on the anal sphincter muscles
Toilet-training:freedom and control issues: own body, parents fixation = anal-retentive and anal-expulsive
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Phallic Stage Centered on the genitals, especially the penis.
Awareness of sex and gender differences Identification with and role-play of same sex parent
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Phallic Stage Fixation = Oedipus complex in boys and Electra complex in girls castration anxiety for males penis envy in females
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Latency and Genital Stage
Most challenging development happens on oral, anal and phallic stages latency - repressed sexuality due to unconscious guilt Genital stage - adolescence renewed interest in genital stimulation; adult sexuality
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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Infancy = Basic trust versus mistrust Toddlerhood = autonomy versus shame and doubt Preschool = initiative versus guilt
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Social Learning Theory
Modeling: Learning by observation and imitation learned aggressiveness and learned helplessness Importance of television and other media on learning
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Baumrind’s Theory of Parenting
Authoritarian parenting “Law and Order” “Because I said so! “ Demand obedience often maintain distance from child
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Baumrind’s parenting Permissive Parenting
Few demands yet nurturing and accepting Tend to communicate well with children
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Authoritative Parenting
Baumrind’s parenting Authoritative Parenting Negotiation and participation Limits set and rationally explained often democratic mutual respect
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Other models of parenting
Traditional especially related to gender roles Permissive forms rejecting/neglecting democratic/indulgent
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Spider Rock, Canyon de Chelly, Arizona
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SPIDER ROCK What role does this landmark play in discipline procedures? What dangers are inherent in this practice?
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Complexities of Parenting
Child’s temperament Size of the family Child’s age and gender Parents age Marital relationship
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Video In the Land of Giants
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Discipline Name some pro’s and con’s of physical (corporal) punishment
What method is best? For infants? For toddlers? For preschoolers? Name some pro’s and con’s of physical (corporal) punishment
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Cognitive Development
Piaget children actively seek to comprehend their world infants do think contrary to the “no talk; no thought” ideas
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Cognition Active intelligence functions through senses and motor skills Toddler is the “little scientist” Piaget sees development in stages
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Sensorimotor thinking
Piaget’s first stage Sensorimotor thinking substages 1 & 2 relate to reflexes substages 3 & 4 relate to objects and people; responding to people substages 5 & 6 relate to action and ideas
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Preoperational thinking
Piaget’s second stage Preoperational thinking acquisition of information and basic skills to manipulate information and perform operations
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Piaget: Key Concepts Object permanence
understanding that objects and people continue to exist even though they cannot be seen marks transition to preoperational thinking
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object permanence is acquired gradually
active searching requires motivation and memory and motor ability
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Piaget: Key Concepts for pre-operationalthinking
Egocentrism Conservation Animism Centration Reversibility
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Rethinking Piaget Is the timetable too rigid?
Are the stages too sequential? Actual development seems to occur much less evenly Perhaps Piaget was not wrong, just not complete Reality includes more diversity
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Cultural goals rather than maturational milestones
Vygotsky Social activity rather than individual discovery Cultural goals rather than maturational milestones Guided assistance enables a child to independently accomplish the tasks
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Vygotsky Difference between actual and potential development is represented by the ZPD or Zone of Proximal Development social context determines how and when a person moves through his/her ZPD
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Vygotsky Since every culture values certain cognitive skills more than others, it is not surprising that cultural variations exist. There is also a family context
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LanguageDevelopment Cognitive development supports and is aided by language development
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Language Development Competency develops first in language function ( uses of language) then on structure (sequence of words in sentence, grammar rules, etc.)
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Chomsky All children have an innate predisposition to learn language. This is known as a Language Acquisition Device or LAD
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Related terms Over-extension Over-regularization
over-generalization of a set of words to inappropriate objects Over-regularization over-application of rules; same rules; all situations
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Vocabulary Development
Predictable sequence first nouns then verbs then adjectives and adverbs then conjunctions, pronouns, etc.
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Related concepts Private speech = Vygotsky’s idea that children review what they know and regulate their actions accordingly Through social use of language children incorporate potential learning into actual development Scaffolding and Language Development
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Ponder these What can be done to stimulate a child’s language development? What is the difference between speech and language? What cues tell you that a child’s speech and language may not be developing normally? Special ability issues?
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Assignment Finish reading Chapters 4-8 Infancy and Preschool
Handout Take Home Test #2 on 1/13 It will be due on January 20 Assign children’s book review, be here for instructions! To be presented on January 25!
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