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Negative and Positive feedback systems in the human body

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Presentation on theme: "Negative and Positive feedback systems in the human body"— Presentation transcript:

1 Negative and Positive feedback systems in the human body
How does your body work to maintain equilibrium in all of its cells? Homeostasis Negative and Positive feedback systems in the human body (Adapted from Lesson By Karyn Coulon) Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College. all images generated by Microsoft Clip Art Gallery

2 What is homeostasis? Process that occurs in all living things
All organ systems work together to achieve homeostasis Ability of an organism to maintain its internal environment, despite changes to its internal or external environment Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College. all images generated by Microsoft Clip Art Gallery

3 How does homeostasis work?
Feedback pathways A cellular relay race! Specific organs and structures must communicate with each other in response to changes in the body Keeps levels of certain processes within a normal range Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College. all images generated by Microsoft Clip Art Gallery

4 Control Center (Integration Center) – compares conditions to set point
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College.

5 Positive Feedback: Negative Feedback:
Response from effector reinforces or exaggerates the stimulus Very rare Negative Feedback: Response from effector decreases or inhibits stimulus

6 How is a home heating system an example of a feedback loop?
One example of a feedback system is a thermostat connected to a furnace. The thermostat compares the temperature of the air in the room to a pre-determined setting. If the temperature in the room is below that ideal setting, the thermostat signals the furnace to send warmer air into the room. When the air in the room becomes warmer than the desired temperature, the thermostat stops signaling the furnace. The furnace switches off. If the air in the room grows cool again, the furnace switches on. The cycle repeats indefinitely, as information about the system’s status is constantly fed back into the system. Because of their cyclical nature, feedback systems are often referred to as feedback loops.

7 Identify the following components in a home heating system:
Receptor: Stimulus: Integrating center: Effector: Response: Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College.

8 Identify the following components in a home heating system:
Receptor: Sensors in thermostat Stimulus: Heat Integrating center: Thermostat Effector: Furnace Response: Furnace turned on to produce heat OR turned off Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College.

9 What things in your body need to be kept within a range?
Body Temperature Blood pressure Blood pH O2 and CO2 concentration Osmoregulation-Water balance Blood glucose Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College. all images generated by Microsoft Clip Art Gallery

10 Homeostasis Flowcharts
Flowchart must include: Stimulus Receptor Set Point Integrating Center Effector Response Type of Feedback (Positive or Negative)

11 Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College.

12 Cellular Relay Race Stimulus Receptor Integrating center Effector
Response Reverses the stimulus Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College. all images generated by Microsoft Clip Art Gallery

13 Why is feedback important in living things?
Allows baseline to be regained Conserves resources Cellular Materials Energy (ATP) Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College. all images generated by Microsoft Clip Art Gallery

14 all images generated by Microsoft Clip Art Gallery
mouth Stomach Sm. Intestine Circulatory Runners Target cells- Brain Target cells-Muscle Target cells- Liver Pancreas Game set-up ß-cells Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College. all images generated by Microsoft Clip Art Gallery

15 “Glucose!! Release the insulin!”
mouth Stomach Sm. Intestine Circulatory Runners Target cells- Brain Target cells-Muscle Target cells- Liver “Glucose!! Release the insulin!” Pancreas Lots of glucose circulating, so Pancreas calls out for insulin ß-cells Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College. all images generated by Microsoft Clip Art Gallery

16 “Glucose!! Release the insulin!”
mouth Stomach Sm. Intestine Circulatory Runners Target cells- Brain Target cells-Muscle Target cells- Liver “Glucose!! Release the insulin!” Pancreas Insulin has been passed to the target cells. Targets can now receive glucose. ß-cells Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College. all images generated by Microsoft Clip Art Gallery

17 “Hold insulin production”
mouth Stomach Sm. Intestine Circulatory Runners Target cells- Brain Target cells-Muscle Target cells- Liver “Hold insulin production” Pancreas stops insulin from being passed once there is no more glucose circulating Pancreas ß-cells Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College. all images generated by Microsoft Clip Art Gallery

18 Dueling Hormones What goes up, must come down!
Insulin Produced by -cells of the Pancreas Released into circulatory system when blood glucose is high Facilitates the transport of glucose into target cells Glucagon Produced by -cells of the pancreas Released into the circulatory system when blood glucose is low Signals the liver to break down glycogen into simple glucose Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College. all images generated by Microsoft Clip Art Gallery

19 Dueling Mechanisms What goes up, must come down!
Thermoregulation Sweating (cooling) vs. shivering (warming) Blood Pressure Vasconstriction vs. vasodilation Osmoregulation Hypotonic vs. hypertonic Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College. all images generated by Microsoft Clip Art Gallery

20 Food for thought… On average, how many organ systems are involved in each of the processes we’ve explored? Are there any organ systems that you see in all of these processes? What might happen to these pathways if just one system was not functioning properly? Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College. all images generated by Microsoft Clip Art Gallery

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