1. Nondomestic Avian Pediatric Pathology
Judy St. Leger, DVM, DACVP 
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 
Volume 15, Issue 2, Pages (May 2012)
DOI: /j.cvex
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2. Fig. 1
Body as a whole, showing incomplete yolk internalization and closure of the umbilicus in a tufted puffin chick.
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice  , DOI: ( /j.cvex )
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3. Fig. 2
Open coelom, showing retained yolk sac in a tufted puffin chick. Failure of umbilical closure promotes omphalitis and retained yolk sac.
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice  , DOI: ( /j.cvex )
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4. Fig. 3
Heart, showing congenital ventricular septal defect in a macaroni penguin. Death in this case was associated with marked pulmonary edema.
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice  , DOI: ( /j.cvex )
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5. Fig. 4
Head, showing mandibular prognathism in an umbrella cockatoo nestling.
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice  , DOI: ( /j.cvex )
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6. Fig. 5
Body as a whole, showing ascites in a young hand-fed macaw chick with APV.
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice  , DOI: ( /j.cvex )
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7. Fig. 6
Body as a whole, showing subcutaneous bruising in a blue and gold macaw due to APV.
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice  , DOI: ( /j.cvex )
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8. Fig. 7
Kidney photomicrograph (×10 magnification, PAS stain). Membranous glomerulonephritis in a sun conure associated with expansion of the glomerular tuft in cases of APV.
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice  , DOI: ( /j.cvex )
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9. Fig. 8
Body as a whole, showing wing, tail, and scattered body feather dystrophy and loss in a squab due to columbiforme circovirus infection. These birds died from the associated lymphoid necrosis and secondary bacterial and fungal infections.
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice  , DOI: ( /j.cvex )
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10. Fig. 9
Skin, wing, showing close-up view of feather dystrophy demonstrating clubbed, fractured, and misshapen feathers from columbiforme circoviral infection.
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice  , DOI: ( /j.cvex )
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11. Fig. 10
Crop mucosa, showing diffuse thickening of the crop mucosa in an Amazon parrot with ingluvitis from a Candida sp infection.
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice  , DOI: ( /j.cvex )
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12. Fig. 11
Clavicular air sac at cardiac base, showing multifocal granulomas and fibrinous airsacculitis from aspergillosis in a young tufted puffin chick.
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice  , DOI: ( /j.cvex )
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13. Fig. 12
Lung, showing aspiration pneumonia in a 25-day tocanet. This is a case of extensive bacterial pneumonia. Death from this condition can result from asphyxiation or secondary airsacculitis and pneumonia.
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice  , DOI: ( /j.cvex )
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14. Fig. 13
Ventricular lumen, showing ventricular foreign bodies (sticks) fed to a nestling collared aracari by parents. Young birds can obtain GI foreign bodies by parental feeding and indiscriminant ingestion of environmental materials.
Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice  , DOI: ( /j.cvex )
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