1. TERM 1 FINAL EXAM REVIEW
Get ready…

2. Diffusion vs. Osmosis
Diffusion
Osmosis
Diffusion is the movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
Diffusion demo – citrus spray
Osmosis is the diffusion of water; it is the movement of water molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
Carrot Lab
Carrot in salt water
Carrot in distilled water

3. Permeable vs. Semi-permeable
Permeable means that items can enter and exit an area.
An example would be a garage door. It opens and most items can go in and out of your garage.
Semi-permeable means that there is a barrier that only lets certain items in and out of the cell.
A cell membrane is semi- permeable as it only allows some items to enter or exit the cell.

4. Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
The process by which autotrophs make glucose from water and CO2 in the presence of sunlight.
Without this process, there would be no life on Earth.
This process occurs in the chloroplasts of all autotrophs.
Uses chlorophyll to capture the light.
The process of breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen to generate ATP.
This process occurs in the mitochondria of ALL cells.

5. Mendel’s Laws Some traits have two forms: dominant and recessive.
Dominant is the form that is seen more often and the recessive trait can “hide” in the background.
Law of Independent Assortment: traits are inherited independently.
A pea plant can be tall with round seeds OR tall with wrinkled seeds.
This is not true in all organisms.
Law of Segregation: during the formation of gametes, allele pairs separate.

6. Punnett Squares These squares predict the outcome of a cross.
They were made by Reginald Punnett, NOT Mendel.
They are based on probability.
A monohybrid cross has four boxes and a dihybrid cross has 16 boxes.

7. Homozygous vs. heterozygous
Homozygous – 2 of the same allele
TT or tt
Can be dominant or recessive
Heterozygous – 2 different alleles Tt
Always dominant
Can be a carrier of a recessive disease

8. Mutations Mutations are ANY change in the DNA base sequence.
There are several different types of mutations.
Mutations can result in a new codon; this results in a new amino acid which sometimes can change the protein dramatically.
Mutations can be helpful, harmful, or have no effect on the organism.

9. Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Mitosis
Meiosis
Mitosis is the process when cells divide to replace old cells or to grow.
This happens in body cells.
One cell to 2 cells.
Exact copy of the parent cell.
Makes diploid cells.
This happens in animals and plants.
Meiosis is the process of the formation of sex cells (gametes).
They have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cells.
One cell to 4 cells.
Makes haploid cells.
Crossing over allows for genetic diversity.
This happens in animals and plants.

10. Proteins They are the building blocks of all cells.
DNA has the information to make all proteins.
Proteins are made by the ribosomes.
Proteins are made out of amino acids and held together by peptide bonds.
There are 20 different amino acids.
There can be many different proteins because of the many different combinations of amino acids.
Protein synthesis is called translation.

11. DNA vs. RNA ATGC Deoxyribose Double stranded Stays in the nucleus
Discovered by Watson and Crick
AUGC
Ribose
Single stranded
Leaves the nucleus
3 types: rRNA, mRNA, tRNA

12. Animal cell vs. Plant Cell
Round shape
Has lysosomes and centrioles
Does respiration.
Rectangular shape
Has chloroplasts, a cell wall, and a large vacuole.
Does photosynthesis and respiration.

13. Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Have a nucleus
Have membrane bound organelles (like mitochondria and/or chloroplasts
Are very large cells
Example – animal or plant cells
Have no nucleus
Have no membrane bound organelles
Are very small cells
Example - bacteria

14. Translation mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome.
The ribosome reads each codon (3 bases) on the mRNA.
The tRNA brings the amino acid specified for by the mRNA.
The tRNA attaches to the mRNA codon with its anticodon.
The ribosome attaches the amino acids together with a peptide bond.
The ribosome continues moving down the mRNA codon by codon.
This process continues until a stop codon is reached.

15. Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins that are responsible for chemical reactions that take place in the cell.
Enzymes are very specific. They work like a lock and a key.
Enzymes work best at their optimal range.
Extreme temperature and acidic or basic conditions can really affect the activity of enzymes.
The structure of the proteins can change in these conditions (denaturing).
Example – Potato Lab

16. Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is a process that humans use to change the DNA of an organism.
This is based on the DNA sequence of the organism.
A scientist can put a beneficial trait into an organism.
Example – Golden rice (rice with Vitamin A)

17. Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the process where the body returns its levels to “normal”.
Levels include
Temperature – Ice Lab
Heart rate – Heart Rate Lab
Blood pressure – Heart Rate Lab
Breathing rate – CO2 Lab