1. Daily CSI
Spot the Differences
Dinner Time

2. Find the 6 differences between the two pictures.
Source:

3. The answers are …
Answers: Fish gill, tree stump, cat’s foot, dog’s mouth, bird’s beak, dog’s ear
Source:

4. Chapter 10 Blood “Out damned spot! Out, I say
Here’s the smell of the blood still,
All the perfumed of Arabia will not
Sweeten this little hand. Oh, Oh, Oh!”
—William Shakespeare’s Lady Macbeth, in Macbeth

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Blood and Blood Typing
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Serology
Serology is the examination and analysis of body fluids.
A forensic serologist may analyze a variety of body fluids including saliva, semen, urine, and blood.
From 1950 to the late 1980’s, forensic serology was a most important part of lab procedures.
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Serology
With the development of DNA techniques, more time, money, and significance was placed in developing DNA labs.
However, with limited funds and the time required for DNA testing, most labs still use many of the basic serology testing procedures.
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9. Approximately one-twelfth of our body is blood, which is basically made up of cells suspended in a liquid.

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Plasma
Plasma is composed of:
90 percent water
10% metabolites and waste, salts, and ions (mostly Na+ and Cl-, HCO3-, and proteins).
It is the straw colored watery component of blood.
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13. Blood Characteristics
Plasma is the fluid portion of the blood (55%)
Cells (45%)
Erythrocytes are red blood cells. They are responsible for oxygen distribution.
Leukocytes are the white blood cells; they are responsible for “cleaning” the system of foreign invaders.
Thrombocytes or platelets are responsible for blood clotting
Serum is the liquid that separates from the blood when a clot is formed.
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14. Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells Transport Oxygen to our cells
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15. Leukocyte – White Blood Cell Our defense against disease
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16. Thrombocyte - Platelet Aid in the clotting of blood
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5 Liters of Blood
About 8% by weight of the average human body is blood.
This corresponds to about 5 L in the average person.
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Functions of the Blood
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21. 1 1. It is the main transportation system.
A. It carries oxygen from the lungs to all cells and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
It transports various chemical messengers released by the body.
It transports nutrients and waste material.
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2. Circulation
The circulation of blood helps maintain the body’s temperature.
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23. 3. Maintains the body’s pH
The blood also maintains the body’s pH at about 7.4 by using carbon dioxide to buffer the system.
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24. 4. Transports toxins to kidneys
The blood transports toxins to the kidneys where enzymes break them down into chemicals, which are excreted from the body in urine or sweat.
The kidneys filter the entire volume of blood about 1.5 times per hour.
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25. 5. Controls the balance of electrolytes
The blood helps control the balance of the body’s electrolytes, such as salt.
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26. Blood Typing

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DOGS
Currently, eight to twelve or more canine blood groups are recognized, depending on which studies one consults. In all cases, these various blood groups are organized and categorized under the DEA system. The acronym DEA stands for Dog Erythrocyte Antigen. The most common blood types for dogs are: DEA 1.1, DEA 2, DEA 3, DEA 4, DEA 5, DEA 6, DEA 7, and DEA 8.
Dogs can have several blood types at the same time. Unlike humans and cats who only have one blood type, dogs can have several blood types existing in the blood stream at the same time. For example, a dog can have DEA 1.2, DEA 7, and DEA 4 blood types!
2. CATS
Cats are either Type A, Type B or occasionally, Type AB.
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28. Historical Perspective of Blood Typing
Around 1900 an Austrian biologist Karl Landsteiner recognized that all human blood was not the same.
He discovered that there are four different types of human blood based on the presence or absence of specific antigens found on the surface of the red blood cells.
He worked out the ABO classifications system to describe the differences.
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Blood Typing
Blood is tested for type, or “typed,” by mixing a drop of the blood to be typed with a drop of serum containing known antibodies.
Whether there is agglutination determines the blood type on the ABO system.
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31. This was important because so many blood transfusions had resulted in immediate death of the patient for no apparent reason.

32. The result can be fatal!
This is why ABO typing is necessary before undergoing a blood transfusion.

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ABO System
For the ABO system, there are two types of antigens, A and B.
Type A blood cells have A antigens
Type B blood cells have B antigens.
Type AB have both A and B antigens
Type ) blood cells have neither antigen.
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Antigens
On the surface of each red blood cell, millions of characteristic chemical structures called antigens can be found.
These proteins are responsible for the different blood types.
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Antigens
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Antibodies
Some white blood cells manufacture proteins called antibodies, which are found in the serum.
These antibodies are produced to attack invaders that enter the bloodstream, that is, antigens that do not belong in your system (such as snake venom, bacteria, or someone else’s blood).
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Type A Blood
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Type B Blood
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Type AB Blood
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Type O Blood
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ABO Blood Types
Blood Type
Antigens on RBC
Antibodies in Serum A B AB
A and B
None O
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Blood Groups
Can Give
Blood To
Can Get
Blood From
Type
Antigen
Antibody A A B
A, AB
O, A
B, AB
O , B B B A
Neither
A nor B
AB +
A and B AB
A, B, O, AB
Neither
A nor B
O -
A and B
A, B, O, AB O
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46. Phenotype and Genotype
Protein on RBC (antigen)
Antibodies in blood plasma
Type A
IAIA or IAi A b
Type B
IBIB or IBi B a
Type AB
IAIB
A and B
---
Type O Ii
a and b
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48. Population Distribution of Blood Types in the U.S.
Percent O 45 A 40 B 11 AB 4
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The Rh Factor
It is sometimes referred to as the D antigen.
People who have it are called Rh positive (Rh+)
People without are called Rh negative (Rh-)
Approximately 85% of the population is Rh+
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50. Rh Positive and Negative
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51. 94% of Black Americans and
85% of Caucasians,
94% of Black Americans and
99% of all Asians
are Rh positive.

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For example
What is the probability of a person having type B+ blood?
11 (% with B) X 85 (% with Rh+) =
,000
About 1 out of 10,000 people.
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Secretors
Additionally, about 80 percent of the population are secretors; that is:
Their blood type antigens are found in body fluids other than just blood.
They are found in saliva, tear, semen, etc.
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54. Agglutination Animation
Blood Typing and Wayne's World
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56. End of Blood Typing