1. The Cell Packet #4 Spring 2012
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2. Cytology The study of cells. There are two basic types
Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells
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3. The Discovery Cells discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665
However the subcellular structures could not be seen--the organelles
It wasn’t until the 1950’s, with the invention of the electron microscope that cell biology really took off
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4. Isolation of Organelles
Organelles can be isolated by a process called cell fractionation
Taking cells apart and separating the major organelles so that their individual function can be isolated
Centrifuge
Is the instrument that is used to fractionize cells
Spins fast as much as 80,000 revolutions per minute and apply forces on particles up to 500,000 times the force of gravity
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6. Organelle Isolation II
Micromanipulation
Another technique for the removal of parts of the cell
Can also insert material into a living cell
Done while looking through a microscope
In-Vitro Fertilization
In-Vivo Fertilization
Cell Cultures**
Isolate one type of cell and you grow it in large numbers--bacteria for example
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7. CELL THEORY
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8. Cell Theory Observations and conclusions from various scientists
Three parts
All living things are composed of cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
All cells come from preexisting cells
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9. The Hierarchy Revisited
SIZE OF ATOMS, MOLECULES, MACROMOLECULES, ORGANELLES, CELLS AND ORGANISMS
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10. Hierarchy Revisited
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11. Prokaryote Cells vs. Eukaryote Cells
REVIEW OF CELL TYPES
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12. Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic Cells
Lack membrane bound organelles
No nucleus or nuclear membrane
No chromosomes
Contain circular strands of DNA
May contain chlorophyll but not chloroplasts
Small Ribosomes
Cell wall is present**
Mitosis, nor meiosis, does not occur
Cells reproduce by other asexual means
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13. Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic II
Eukaryotic Cells
Membrane bound organelles are present
Nucleus and nuclear membrane are present
Chlorophyll, when present, is contained in chloroplasts
Ribosomes are larger
Cell wall is present in some eukaryotic cells
Mitosis and meiosis occurs
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15. TYPES OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Plant cells vs. Animal Cells
TYPES OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS
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16. Eukaryotic Cells
Most organisms are eukaryotes and are composed of eukaryotic cells.
There are two basic types of eukaryotic cells
Plant cells
Animal cells
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17. Plant Cells Have cell walls Large vacuole filled with cell sap
Contain cellulose
Large vacuole filled with cell sap
Larger than animal cells
Shape
Different from animal cells
Cilia and flagella absent in higher plants
What kingdom(s) are the higher plants found?
What kingdom(s) are the lower plants found?
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18. Animal Cells No cellulose cell wall in MOST animal cells
Plasma membrane
Some vacuoles but they are usually small and numerous
Cytoplasm throughout the cell
Nucleus may be found anywhere in the cell
Is normally in the center of the cell
Cilia is common in animal cells of higher animals
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19. Animal Cell II Cell Specialization
In animals, cells are often uniquely suited to perform a particular function within the organism
Nerve Cells
Muscle Cells
Rods and Cones in the eye
Sex cells
These specialized cells are determined by complex processes of turning on and off genes.
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22. Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell
Similarities
Both Eukaryotic Cells
Have membrane bound organelles
Differences
Plant cells are “generally” larger than animal cells
Plant cells have a cell wall of cellulose
Adds stability and protection to the plant cell
Plant cells have vacuoles
That are used as space fillers
Fulfils digestive functions in plants--similar to lysosomes that are also found in animal cells.
Animal cells have centrioles
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23. Cell Structure & Function
ORGANELLES OF THE CELL
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24. Cell Structure and Function I
Chromatin
The complex of DNA and histome proteins which make up chromosomes in eukaryotic cells
Chromosomes
Long threadlike association of genes composed of chromatin and found inside the nucleus of the cell
Nucleolus
The region of the eukaryotic nucleus that is engaged in ribosome synthesis
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25. Cell Structure and Function II
Nucleus Structure
Contains a eukaryotic cell’s genetic library
Nucleus Function
In eukaryotic cells, this is a membrane bound organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material
Acts as the control center for the cell
Produce ribosomes and RNA*
Play an essential role in cell division
Nuclear Envelope
Surrounds the nucleus
Contains nuclear pores
Allow things in and out of the nucleus
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27. Cell Structure and Function III Rough or Smooth?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Functions in the synthesis and transport of proteins
This is where we find ribosomes and why they look “rough”
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Functions in the synthesis and transport of lipids
There are no bound organelles—that is why they look so smooth
Ribosomes
Cytoplasmic organelle that is the site for protein synthesis
Small complex particles consisting of proteins and RNA
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30. Cell Structure and Function III
Golgi Apparatus
Stack of membranous sacs
Packages and distributes lipids and proteins that form in the ER
If we have time we will have a closer look at this process
Something inportant—know the ends and structure
Cis—entry; Trans—exit—People always forget this
Vesicles enter and leave here
Lysosome
Contains digestive enzymes that degrades the cell and other malfunctioning organelles
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32. Cell Structure and Function IV
Peroxisome
Contains enzymes that carry out redox reactions and is key in detoxification of drunks
Mitochondria
This is where we produce our energy—AKA ATP
We’ll get all up in the Kreb’s cycle soon 
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34. For Biology 1 Honors Only
Cells are composed of filaments
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Details to come in AP Biology
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35. Other Important Features in the Cell
Chloroplasts
In plant cells
Used in photosynthesis
We’ll get to know this process later as well
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37. COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CELLS
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38. Cell to Cell Connections
Tight Junctions
Gap Junctions
Desomeres
Details to come in AP Biology
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39. THE PLASMA (CELL) MEMBRANE
Phospholipid Bi-layer
THE PLASMA (CELL) MEMBRANE
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42. Components of the Cell Membrane
Microfilaments, Microtubules and Intermediate filaments—we have already touched—but what else is there?
Glycoproteins
Carbohydrates
Cholesterol
Used in rigidity and fluidity of the membrane
Peripheral Protein (small) and Integral (big) proteins—useful in hormonal signals—later
IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW WHAT EVERYTIHNG LOOKS LIKE AND WHERE THEY ARE IN THE CELL MEMBRANE
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44. MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS IN AND OUT OF THE CELL
Diffusion and Osmosis
MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS IN AND OUT OF THE CELL
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45. Diffusion I The movement of materials in and out of the cell
Important process of bodily function
Allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to enter and leave cells
Respiration
Allows simple sugars and fats to enter and leave cells
Digestion
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46. Diffusion II Regular Diffusion
Movement of substances from an area of high concentration to low concentration
No proteins are used
No ATP is used
Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
Energy
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47. Diffusion III Facilitated Diffusion
The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with the use of a protein.
No ATP is used
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48. Diffusion IV Active Transport
The movement of a substance from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration with the use of a protein and ATP
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49. Diffusion V Osmosis Osmosis Special type of diffusion
The movement of a liquid solvent from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.
The membrane does not allow solutes to pass through.
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50. Osmosis Hypertonic vs. Hypotonic
Hypertonic Solution
High concentration of solute
Low concentration of solvent
Solvent wants to enter
Hypotonic Solution
Low concentration of solute
High concentration of solvent
Solvent wants to leave
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