1. Unit 2.1 Characteristics of Cells
Use this presentation in conjunction with the Cell Organelle note-taking worksheet. Run through the entire presentation before using it in class so that you know what’s coming next! It helps to print the outline and notes to have with you while presenting so that there are no surprises. –JessB.org

2. Discovery of Cells First discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke
Using a microscope, he saw little boxes in a slice of cork.
He named them cells.
Emphasize word parts here:
phospho= phosphate head; lipid= fatty acid tail
bi= 2

3. Discovery of Cells
Anton van-Leeuwenhoek was the first person to see living cells
He saw one-celled organisms in a drop of pond water
He called them animalcules. (protists)
Emphasize word parts here:
phospho= phosphate head; lipid= fatty acid tail
bi= 2

4. Discovery of Cells
In 1838, Matthias Schleiden concluded all plants are made of cells.
In 1839, Theodor Schwann concluded all animals are made of cells.
Emphasize word parts here:
phospho= phosphate head; lipid= fatty acid tail
bi= 2

5. Discovery of Cells
In 1835, Rudolph Virchow concluded all cells are produced by other living cells.
Emphasize word parts here:
phospho= phosphate head; lipid= fatty acid tail
bi= 2

6. The Cell Theory (3) All (known) living things are made up of cells.
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things.
All cells come from other living cells.
Emphasize word parts here:
phospho= phosphate head; lipid= fatty acid tail
bi= 2

7. Unit 2.2 Cell Structures
Use this presentation in conjunction with the Cell Organelle note-taking worksheet. Run through the entire presentation before using it in class so that you know what’s coming next! It helps to print the outline and notes to have with you while presenting so that there are no surprises. –JessB.org

8. Cells are the basic unit of all living things
They are the smallest unit that can carry out all the functions of life.
Cells contain special structures that carry out the functions of life.
The tiny structures are called organelles.

9. cell organelles the parts inside a cell
they carry out functions (jobs) inside the cell
You may or may not wish to distinguish between cytosol and cytoplasm. The correct use of each term is shown here. Most high school textbooks, however, use the word “cytoplasm” to mean “cytosol.”

10. Nucleus “Control center of the cell” It directs all cell activities
Usually the easiest organelle to see
under a
microscope
Cells with more than one nucleus include muscle cells and liver cells, largely because of the massive volume of cytoplasm and number of organelles that need controlling.

11. Does it have a nucleus?
Scientists group all living things into two categories based on their cells. Plants, animals, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.
An organism that has a nucleus is called a eukaryote.
An organism that does not have a nucleus is called a prokaryote. (bacteria)

12. Nuclear Membrane Surrounds the nucleus Controls what goes into
and out of the nucleus
Cells with more than one nucleus include muscle cells and liver cells, largely because of the massive volume of cytoplasm and number of organelles that need controlling.

13. Inside the Nucleus Chromosomes – structures in the nucleus made of DNA
DNA – long, threadlike, material that contains the instructions for everything the cell does
Cells with more than one nucleus include muscle cells and liver cells, largely because of the massive volume of cytoplasm and number of organelles that need controlling.

14. chromosomes are make up of DNA
DNA is made up of genes.

15. Cell Membrane A thin, flexible barrier that surrounds a cell
Controls what goes into or out of the cell
Protects and supports the cell
Emphasize word parts here:
phospho= phosphate head; lipid= fatty acid tail
bi= 2

17. Cytoplasm Gel-like substance inside the cell
Fills the space between all the cell parts and gives the cell its shape
Actin, also found in muscle cells, mainly help maintain cell shape in their cytoskeletal role. Microtubules mostly move organelles around the cell. Intermediate filaments also provide structural support.

18. Endoplasmic Reticulum
a.k.a. “ER”
Moves materials around the cell
It’s not necessary that the students can read the labels here; just point out the black dots are ribosomes.

19. 2 types of ER
Rough ER
Has ribosomes
Smooth ER
Does not have
ribosomes

20. Ribosome Make proteins Smallest and most abundant organelles
Proteins are very important for many of the cell’s activities
A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids. In this diagram, you can see the ribosome is making a polypeptide, also known as a protein.

21. Golgi body Also called the Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex
Send proteins to where they are needed
AKA Golgi Complex. It is not necessary that the students read the labels, this diagram gives them a general idea of the Golgi’s shape.

22. Lysosomes Break down food, cell wastes, and old, worn-out organelles
These materials are recycled and used again
Students should recognize the shapes of the Golgi and ER even if they cannot read the captions.

23. Mitochondria “Powerhouse of the cell”
Cellular respiration occurs here to release energy for the cell to use to make materials and move them around
Explain that this diagram shows the mitochondria cut open to reveal the internal membranes.

24. Vacuoles Storage container for water, food, and wastes
Vacuoles are larger in plant cells than they are in animal cells
The image is 2D, so it must have been a light microscope or TEM. If the cell is very tiny, then a TEM was used. Otherwise, a strong light microscope could have captured this image.

27. Plant and animal cells have many structures in common.
However, there are some structures that are unique to plants (or only found in plants).

29. Cell Wall Found only in plant and bacterial cells
Rigid, protective barrier that protects and supports the cell
Found outside of the cell membrane of plant and bacterial cells
This is an actual microscopic image. Explain that the colors are added digitally to enhance the different parts.

30. Chloroplast
Found only in plant cells (and plant-like protists/bacteria)
Contains the green pigment chlorophyll
Where photosynthesis takes place
Chloroplasts absorb light, which is the catalyst for photosynthesis.

31. Differences in Cells
Usually the shape of a cell is related to its function (job)
Plant cells have a box-like shape and animal cells do not have a particular shape
Plant cells have some structures that animal cells do not – cell walls and chloroplasts
A plant cell usually has one large vacuole and an animal cell usually has several small ones
You may or may not wish to distinguish between cytosol and cytoplasm. The correct use of each term is shown here. Most high school textbooks, however, use the word “cytoplasm” to mean “cytosol.”

32. bacteria
unicellular, prokaryotic organisms

33. Animal Cell

34. Plant Cell

36. Review Which organelle directs all cell activities? Nucleus
Which organelle controls what goes into or out of the cell?
Cell membrane
Which organelle controls what goes into and out of the nucleus?
Nuclear membrane
What substance contains the instructions for everything the cell does?
DNA
You may choose to delete the answers from the PowerPoint or change the animation so that they come in after all 5 questions are asked in case you want to quiz students individually at the end.

37. DNA and chromosomes
Nucleus
Nuclear Membrane
Cytoplasm
Golgi bodies
Endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Vacuole
Cell Membrane

38. Nuclear Membrane
DNA and chromosomes
Nucleus
Lysosome
Cytoplasm
Golgi bodies
Vacuole
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
ribosomes
Chloroplast
Cell Membrane
Cell wall

39. eukaryote
a living thing whose cells contain a nucleus (eukaryotes) (You carry oats to the horse.)

40. prokaryote living things whose cells do not contain a nucleus
(NO rhymes with pro)