1. Six Kingdoms

2. The six characteristics of living things are that they:
1 Are made of cells
2 Respond to stimuli
3 Use energy
4 Reproduce
Grow & develop
Exchange gases with the environment

3. Three things that all living things need:
1 food
2 water
3 a place to live

4. The Cell Theory 1. All living things are made of cells. (6 char.)
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. (The cell is smallest unit of an organism that can carry out the functions of life.) (def. for cell)
3. All cells come from other LIVING cells. (6 char.)

5. cell
The smallest unit of an organism that can carry out the functions of life

6. What saying can help you remember the order of the levels in a classification chart?
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Good
Spaghetti

7. What is the order of the levels in a classification chart?
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

8. How do you write the scientific name for an organism?
The genus name comes first and is always capitalized
The species name comes second and always starts with a lower case letter
If typed, use italics; if handwritten, underline it
Felis domesticus Felis domesticus
Canis familiaris Canis familiaris

9. Antiseptic
chemicals that kill bacteria on living things (OK to be on your body)
Examples: iodine, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, soap, mouthwash

10. Disinfectants
stronger chemicals that destroy bacteria on objects or nonliving things (NOT OK to put on/in
your body)
Examples: Lysol, bleach

11. Difference between disinfectants and antiseptics:
Antiseptics kill bacteria on living things.
(OK to be on your body).
Disinfectants kill bacteria on NON-living things.
(NOT OK to put on/in your body.)

12. Treatments against viral infections
Vaccines help prevent some viral infections.
Antibiotics don’t work against viral infections.

13. Treatments for bacterial infections
Vaccines help prevent some bacterial infections.
Antibiotics, such as Amoxicillin, help cure some bacterial infections.

14. Where are bacteria found?
Most bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist environment.

15. Reproduction of Bacteria
How quickly bacteria reproduce depends on how desirable the conditions are.
Bacteria can rapidly reproduce themselves in warm, dark, and moist conditions.

16. Why do we use refrigerators?
Bacteria can rapidly reproduce themselves in warm, dark, and moist conditions.
We store food in the refrigerator because the cold temperature slows down bacteria reproduction which causes food to spoil.

17. Where are bacteria found?
They are found almost everywhere: -water -air -food -soil - inside the body - skin -on most objects

18. classifying
grouping organisms or objects based on similarities and differences between them

19. homeostasis
an organism’s ability to keep the proper conditions inside no matter what is going on outside the organism

20. kingdom
the highest level of organization

21. species
a group of similar organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspring; the lowest level of classification

22. binomial nomenclature
a naming system where every organism
is given a two-part name (scientific name)

23. scientific name the name given to an organism based
on the genus to which it belongs and its species name

24. genus
A group of similar species

25. dichotomous key
a tool to classify organisms by choosing their characteristics from a series of paired statements

26. unicellular
made up of only one cell

27. multicellular
made up of two or more cells

28. Carolus Linnaeus
a Swedish naturalist that developed a system to classify organisms

29. organism
any living thing

30. prokaryote
a unicellular organism whose cell does not contain a nucleus

31. eukaryotes
a living thing whose cells contain a nucleus

32. eukaryotes
cells with a nucleus (You carry oats to the horse.)

34. autotroph
an organism that is able to make their own food

35. heterotroph
an organism that gets its food by eating other organisms

36. What characteristics determine how to classify an organism into a kingdom?

37. How many cells they are made up of
If those cells have a nucleus
How they get their nutrition

38. bacteria
unicellular, prokaryotic organisms

39. protists Eukaryotic organisms that are divided into 3 groups:
plant-like,
animal-like, and
fungus-like

40. fungi
most are multicellular, one kind is unicellular, all are eukaryotic, and heterotrophic

41. plants
multicellular, eukaryotic, and autotrophic organisms

42. animals
multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic organisms

43. Archaebacteria
Are organisms in this kingdom unicellular or multicellular?
Do they have a nucleus?
Are they able to make their own food or must they take in food?
Where are they found?

44. Archaebacteria
Are organisms in this kingdom unicellular or multicellular? unicellular
Do they have a nucleus? prokaryote
Are they able to make their own food or must they take in food? autotrophic/heterotrophic
Where are they found? They are often found in extreme conditions, such as hot springs.

45. Eubacteria Are organisms in this kingdom unicellular or multicellular?
Do they have a nucleus?
Are they able to make their own food or must they take in food?
Which is the larger kingdom of bacteria?

46. Eubacteria Eubacteria are unicellular organisms. They are prokaryotes.
Some of them are able to make their own food, while some of them must take in food-- autotrophic/heterotrophic
This is the larger of the two bacteria kingdoms.

47. Protists Are organisms in this kingdom unicellular or multicellular?
Do they have a nucleus?
Are they able to make their own food or must they take in food?
Into what groups are they divided?

48. Protists
Some protists are single-celled organisms and some are made of many cells.
All protists have a nucleus. eukaryotes
Some of them are able to make their own food, while some of them must take in food.
They are divided into three groups-plant-like, animal-like, and fungus-like.

49. Fungi Are organisms in this kingdom unicellular or multicellular?
Do they have a nucleus?
Are they able to make their own food or must they take in food?
How do they help the Earth?

50. Fungi Most fungi are made of many cells.
All fungi have a nucleus. eukaryotes
All fungi must take in food.
Fungi are important sources of food and medicines.
They help recycle Earth’s wastes.
The only unicellular fungi are yeast.

51. Plants Are organisms in this kingdom unicellular or multicellular?
Do they have a nucleus?
Are they able to make their own food or must they take in food?
Name one important thing plants provide.

52. Plants All plants are made of many cells. multicellular
All plants have a nucleus. eukaryotes
All plants make their own food. autotrophs
Plants produce food and oxygen, which are required by most organisms on Earth.

53. Animals Are organisms in this kingdom unicellular or multicellular?
Do they have a nucleus?
Are they able to make their own food or must they take in food?
What do they provide humans with?

54. Animals All animals are multicellular.
All animals have a nucleus. eukaryote
All animals must take in food. heterotrophs
Animals provide food and companionship in your daily lives.

55. plants
all are multicellular, eukaryotic, and autotrophic

56. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
unicellular, prokaryotic

57. animals
all are multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic

58. fungi
most are multicellular, one kind is unicellular, all are eukaryotic, and heterotrophic

59. protists
divided into 3 groups: plant-like, animal-like, and fungus-like (all are eukaryotes)

60. Eubacteria unicellular, prokaryotic
the larger of the two kingdoms (meaning there are more of this type)

61. Archaebacteria unicellular, prokaryotic
Often found in extreme conditions

62. prokaryote
a unicellular organism whose cell does not contain a nucleus

63. eukaryotes
a living thing whose cells contain a nucleus

64. autotroph
an organism that is able to make their own food
(producer)

65. heterotroph an organism that gets its food by eating other organisms
(consumer)

66. Controlling Bacteria 3 ways to control bacteria in food: 1) Canning
2) Pasteurization
3) Dehydration

68. How do you know which animals are more closely related to others on a classification tree?
The closer the branches are, the more alike the organisms are.
The closer to the bottom they are, the longer they have been on Earth.
The higher they are, the more complex they are.

69. How do vaccines work?
Most vaccines trick the body into thinking it has been infected with a virus.
The body releases its own natural defenses to fight off the phony viral infection.
The body is then on “alert”. It will recognize and fight off the virus if it really enters the body.

70. Reproduction of Bacteria
Bacteria most commonly reproduce by binary fission, the process by which a single cell divides to produce two new cells.
How?
The one main chromosome makes a copy of itself. Then it divides into two.

71. Reproduction of Bacteria
BINARY FISSION
Bacteria dividing
Completed

72. Decomposers
Decomposers attack dead materials and break them down into simpler forms that can be used as nutrients by plants.

73. Controlling Bacteria 3 ways to control bacteria in food: 1) Canning
2) Pasteurization
3) Dehydration