1. How our body makes ATP, ENERGY!!
Cellular Respiration
How our body makes ATP, ENERGY!!

2. December 8, 2018

3. Where do our cells get energy?
6-C sugars are the MAJOR source of energy for cell
What type of macromolecule are 6-C sugars?
Carbohydrates
Cells break down glucose a 6-C sugar to make ATP “energy”
December 8, 2018

4. Overall Chemical Process: Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + usable energy
(ATP)
December 8, 2018

5. Cellular Respiration (3-stages)
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Glucose
Krebs cycle
Electron transport
Glycolysis
Fermentation (without oxygen)
Alcohol or lactic acid
December 8, 2018

6. Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?
It actually takes place in two parts of the cell:
1. Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm
2. Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria

7. Review of Mitochondria Structure
Smooth outer Membrane
Folded inner membrane
Folds called Cristae
Space inside cristae called the Matrix

8. Diagram of the Process Occurs across Cristae Occurs in Cytoplasm
Occurs in Matrix

9. December 8, 2018

10. Electron Transport Chain
Flowchart
Section 9-2
Cellular Respiration
Carbon
Dioxide
(CO2) +
Water
(H2O)
ATP
Glucose (C6H1206) +
Oxygen (02)
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

11. December 8, 2018

12. Glycolysis Overview Where Cytoplasm NO O2 required
Energy Yield net gain of 2 ATP at the expense of 2 ATP
6-C glucose  TWO 3-C pyruvates
Free e- and H+ combine with electron carriers called NAD+  NADH + H+
(nicotinamide dinucleotide)
December 8, 2018

13. To the electron transport chain
Figure 9–3 Glycolysis
Glycolysis:
Step 1
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
To the electron transport chain

14. To the electron transport chain
Figure 9–3 Glycolysis
Section 9-1
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
To the electron transport chain

15. To the electron transport chain
Figure 9–3 Glycolysis
Section 9-1
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
To the electron transport chain

16. Review of glycolysis Was NAD+ oxidized or reduced? Reduced!
What was the reducing agent for NAD+?
Glucose!
Is NAD+  NADH a catabolic reaction or an anabolic reaction?
Anabolic (bonds created)
Is glucose  2 pyruvate anabolic or catabolic? Is it exergonic or endergonic?
Catabolic (bonds broken) and exergonic (energy released as ATP)
December 8, 2018

17. Glycolysis Summary In Glucose (6-C) 2 ATP Out 2 pyruvate; 2(3-C) 2NADH
a net of 2 ATP
December 8, 2018

18. Questions Where does glycolysis take place? Glycolysis energy yield?
Breaks glucose into TWO ________.
December 8, 2018

19. December 8, 2018

20. The Krebs Cycle
Section 9-2
Citric Acid Production
Mitochondrion

21. Figure 9–6 The Krebs Cycle
Section 9-2
Citric Acid Production
Mitochondrion

22. Breakdown of Pyruvic Acid
Where mitochondria
Pyruvate (3-C)  Acetic acid (2-C)
3rd C forms CO2
Acetic acid combines with Coenzyme A to form ACETYL-CoA
December 8, 2018

23. Summary In Pyruvate NAD CoA Out CO2 (as waste) NADH Acetyl-CoA
December 8, 2018

24. What is releasing Energy with O2?
Aerobic respiration
Where In mitochondria
December 8, 2018

25. Second Step: Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Where Mitochondrial matrix
Energy Yield 2 ATP and more e-
Acetyl-CoA (2-C) combines with 4-C to form 6-C CITRIC ACID
Citric Acid (6-C) changed to 5-C then to a 4-C
Gives off a CO2 molecule
NAD+ and FAD pick up the released e-
FAD becomes FADH2
NAD+ becomes NADH + H+
Cycle ALWAYS reforming a 4-C molecule
December 8, 2018

26. Krebs Cycle
December 8, 2018

27. The Krebs Cycle
Section 9-2
Citric Acid Production
Mitochondrion

28. Figure 9–6 The Krebs Cycle
Section 9-2
Citric Acid Production
Mitochondrion

29. ETC- Take out the Handout…
Here’s an overview:
Where inner membrane of mitochondria
Energy Yield Total of 32 ATP
O2 combines with TWO H+ to form H2O
Exhale - CO2, H2O comes from cellular respiration
December 8, 2018

30. Electron Transport Chain
Section 9-2
Electron Transport
Hydrogen Ion Movement
Channel
Mitochondrion
Intermembrane
Space
ATP synthase
Inner
Membrane
Matrix
ATP Production

31. Electron Transport Chain
Summary
Glucose
Glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Pyruvic acid
Electrons carried in NADH
Krebs Cycle
Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2
Electron Transport Chain
Mitochondrion

32. Total ENERGY Yield Glycolysis 2 ATP Krebs Cycle 2 ATP ETC  32 ATP
Total 36 ATP
December 8, 2018

33. What happens if NO O2? Cellular respiration process STOPS
December 8, 2018

34. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Anaerobic DOES NOT require oxygen
Simple
fast
produces smaller amounts of energy (ATP)
Aerobic requires oxygen
Yields large amounts of energy
What is this energy molecule?
ATP, ATP, ATP
December 8, 2018

35. December 8, 2018

36. Releasing Energy w/out Oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration
NO Additional ATP is Formed
NO O2 leads to Fermentation
Two Types
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
December 8, 2018

37. Lactic Acid Fermentation
bacteria, plants and most animals
After glycolysis
2 pyruvic acid changed to lactic acid
Sometimes happens in your muscles, cramps-----Exercise
December 8, 2018

38. December 8, 2018

39. Alcoholic Fermentation
Bacteria and fungi (yeast)
Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide are the end products
Process used to form beer, wine, and other alcoholic beverages
Also used to raise dough, bread
December 8, 2018

40. December 8, 2018

41. Cellular Respiration Review
Three Main Stages
Glycolysis (2 ATP)
Kreb’s Cycle (2 ATP)
Electron Transport Chain (32 ATP)
December 8, 2018

42. To the electron transport chain
Figure 9–3 Glycolysis
Glycolysis:
Step 1
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
To the electron transport chain

43. To the electron transport chain
Figure 9–3 Glycolysis
Section 9-1
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
To the electron transport chain

44. To the electron transport chain
Figure 9–3 Glycolysis
Section 9-1
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
To the electron transport chain

45. The Krebs Cycle: Step 2 Section 9-2 Mitochondrion
Citric Acid Production
Mitochondrion

46. Figure 9–6 The Krebs Cycle
Section 9-2
Citric Acid Production
Mitochondrion

47. Electron Transport Chain: Step 3
Section 9-2
Electron Transport
Hydrogen Ion Movement
Channel
Mitochondrion
Intermembrane
Space
ATP synthase
Inner
Membrane
Matrix
ATP Production