1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

2. Where do each of the molecules come in/go out of a plant?

3. What happens to the atoms in this equation?

4. water Cell that regulate the opening that allow gases to pass
Columnar cells packed tightly together Perform lots of photosynthesis
Waxy covering of leaf
Loose layer of cells. Performs photosynthesis. Spaces between allow movement of gasses
Allows for transportation of materials
water

5. CO2 enters the leaf
through the stomata

8. Overview of Light Reactions
Light strikes chlorophyll a
excites electrons to a higher energy state.
the energy is converted by way of electron transport to NADPH and ATP
Water is split in the process
oxygen released as a by-product
The ATP and NADPH are used to make C-C bonds in the Calvin Cycle

9. Light energy is being converted into chemical energy

10. Characteristics of light

15. What composes a photosystem?
Antenna pigments
is a few hundred chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b
and carotenoid molecules
Reaction center
contains reaction center chlorophyll a
this is the only chlorophyll that can initiate photosynthesis
Primary electron acceptor

20. Review light reactions

21. Cyclic vs. noncyclic electron flow
Noncyclic is what we’ve discussed so far
Cyclic uses only photosystem I
-the excited electron is accepted by primary
electron acceptor
-is then passed to the ETC between the
two photosystems
-ATP is produced
-NO NADPH is produced

22. Cyclic electron flow

23. Light Independent Reactions
AKA Calvin-Benson Cycle
Occur in the stroma
Use the products of the light reactions
Incorporates the Carbon from CO2 into sugar
molecules

25. CALVIN CYCLE -is cyclic in that the starting material (RuBP a 5 carbon
sugar) is regenerated
3 phases
1) Carbon fixation
-CO2 is incorporated into an organic molecule
-3 molecules of CO2 combines
with 3 RuBP
-resulting 6 C molecules split
to form 6 3-C molecules
-catalyzed by enzyme rubisco

26. 2) Reduction
ATP is used to phosphorylate the 3-C molecule
which is then reduced by NADPH
-a 3-C sugar is produced
-this can be converted to glucose by the plant
3) Regeneration of CO2 acceptor (RuBP)
The skeleton of the 5-C molecule is rearranged
-ATP used
-resulting RuBP begins a new cycle

27. calvin

28. This is the C3 pathway
A problem occurs when the stomata must be closed
to conserve water loss
-too little CO2 available
-build up of O2 leads to photorespiration
-rubisco adds O2 to Calvin cycle instead of
CO2
-no ATP or NADPH produced
-no food produced
-is wasteful

29. This is the C3 pathway
A problem occurs when the stomata must be closed
to conserve water loss
-too little CO2 available
-build up of O2
-leads to photorespiration
Photorespiration
-rubisco adds O2 to Calvin cycle instead of
CO2
-no ATP or NADPH produced
-no food produced
-is wasteful

31. C4 Plants
CO2 binds with a 4-C compound that ends up
being transferred to a bundle sheath cell
-here it is released and enters Calvin cycle
C3 plant
C4 plant

33. CAM plants
-also have adaptations to arid conditions
-found in succulents (pineapple, cacti, others)
-open stomata at night (opposite of other plants)
-incorporate the CO2 into a variety
of organic acids and store in vacuoles
-during day CO2 is released from organic
acids and enters the Calvin cycle

36. Comparison of chemiosmosis in chloroplasts and mitochondria
SIMILARITIES
An ETC in a membrane transports protons across a
membrane
ATP synthase in membrane couples diffusion of protons
with phosphorylation of ADP
ATP synthase and electron carriers (cytochromes) are
very similar in both

38. ETC SPACIAL ORGANIZATION DIFFERENCES
-mito transfer chemical E from food to ATP
-electrons are extracted from oxidation
of food molecules
-chloroplasts transform light E into chemical E
-uses light E to drive electrons to top of
transport chain
SPACIAL ORGANIZATION
-mito pump protons from matrix out to the
intermembrane space (which is a reservoir for protons)
-chloro. Thylakoid membrane pumps protons from
stroma into thylakoid compartment (serve as a
proton reservoir)

39. Temp Time
Germinating peas
Non Germinating peas
average
Room temp 5
.110
.07
.04
.073
-.17
.01
-.053 10
.204
.17
-.02
.118
-.19
-.063 15
.225
.24
-.10
.12
-.2
-.067 20
.195
.325
-.26
.087
-.205
-.075
10° C
.00
.02
.15
.057
-.12
-.05
.20
.25 .
-.22
.29
-.47

40. Lab Notebook:
Hypothesis (which peas will have the greatest respiration rate)
Data: individual and class data
Analysis:
Graph class average results (4 best fit lines) Include a key
2) Questions 2, 5, 6, 7, 9
Thoroughly answer these questions and use evidence from the lab to support your answer when possible