1. DATA COMMUNICATION
Lecture-4

2. Review of Lecture 3 Communication Tasks Protocols
Protocol Architecture
Characteristics of a Protocol

3. Overview of Lecture 4 Standards Standard Organizations
Line Configuration
Categories of Line Configuration

4. Standards
“A standard provides a model for development that makes it possible for a product to work regardless of the individual manufacturer”

5. Why Standards are Essential?
Standards are essential in:
Creating/Maintaining Open and Competitive Markets
Guaranteeing National/International Interoperability

6. Why Standards are Essential?

7. Categories of Standards
Proprietary
Non Proprietary
De facto
(By Fact)
De jure
(By Law)
Standards

8. Standards Organizations
Standards are developed mainly by 3 entities:
Standard Committees
Forums
Regulatory Agencies

9. Standard Creation Committees
The International Standards Organization (ISO)
The International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunications Standard Sector
(ITU-T)

10. Standard Creation Committees
The American National Standard Institute (ANSI)
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

11. FORUMS Frame Relay Forum ATM Forum Internet Society
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

12. Regulatory Agencies
FCC

13. LINE CONFIGURATION
“Line Configuration refers to the way two or more devices attach to a link”

14. LINE CONFIGURATION Spatially Shared Time Shared Multipoint
Point-to-Point
Line Configuration

15. Point-to-Point Line Configuration

16. Multipoint Line Configuration

17. Summary Standards Standard Organizations Line Configuration
Categories of Line Configuration

18. Suggested Reading
Section 1.5,2.1 “Data Communications and Networking” 2nd Edition by Behrouz A. Forouzan