1. Contribution of risk factors to excess mortality in isolated and lonely individuals: an analysis of data from the UK Biobank cohort study 
Prof Marko Elovainio, PhD, Christian Hakulinen, PhD, Laura Pulkki-Råback, PhD, Prof Marianna Virtanen, PhD, Kim Josefsson, PhD, Prof Markus Jokela, PhD, Prof Jussi Vahtera, MD, Prof Mika Kivimäki, PhD 
The Lancet Public Health 
Volume 2, Issue 6, Pages e260-e266 (June 2017)
DOI: /S (17)
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Proportions of the social isolation–mortality association attributable to biological, behavioural, and psychological factors
HR=hazard ratio. PERM=percentage of excess risk mediated. SHR=sub-hazard ratio. *Adjusted for age, sex, ethnic origin, and chronic disease.
The Lancet Public Health 2017 2, e260-e266DOI: ( /S (17) )
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Proportions of the loneliness–mortality association attributable to biological, behavioural, and psychological factors
HR=hazard ratio. PERM=percentage of excess risk mediated. SHR=sub-hazard ratio. *Adjusted for age, sex, ethnic origin, and chronic disease.
The Lancet Public Health 2017 2, e260-e266DOI: ( /S (17) )
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions