1. Neuroplasticity: An Appreciation From Synapse to System
Bernadette T. Gillick, PhD, MS, PT, Lance Zirpel, PhD 
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 
Volume 93, Issue 10, Pages (October 2012)
DOI: /j.apmr
Copyright © 2012 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions

2. Fig 1
Mechanisms of synaptic change between 2 neurons. Abbreviations: Ca2+, calcium ion; Glu, glutamate; Mg2+, magnesium ion; Na+, sodium ion.
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , DOI: ( /j.apmr )
Copyright © 2012 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions

3. Fig 2
TMS. (A) Individual receiving TMS testing. (B) Motor-evoked response as indicated by electromyogram.
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , DOI: ( /j.apmr )
Copyright © 2012 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions

4. Fig 3
Child in CIMT. Note active use of the child's right, affected upper extremity while the left, unaffected upper extremity is constrained by the cast.
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , DOI: ( /j.apmr )
Copyright © 2012 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions

5. Fig 4
Conceptual representation of MEPs and corticospinal tract integrity in 2 subjects. (A) Subject with porencephalic cyst. With the use of TMS, no noted contralateral resting or active hand MEP was elicited in the ipsilesional hemisphere. MEP was elicited bilaterally by contralesional hemisphere. Contralateral control to both upper extremities is represented by nonlesioned hemisphere (red line). (B) Subject with birth-related middle cerebral artery ischemic infarct. Contralateral hand resting MEP was elicited in each hemisphere. Intact crossed corticospinal tract integrity is represented by yellow and red lines, respectively.
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , DOI: ( /j.apmr )
Copyright © 2012 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions

6. Fig 5
Exaggerated IHI and intervention. (A) Conventional transverse depiction of normal brain with right hemisphere on left. Right and left primary motor areas (M1) are in gray. Arrows reflect balanced IHI. (B) Infarct (white square) in right M1 surrounded by peri-infarct zone (red border), which is dysfunctional but can become functional if disinhibited. Compensatory behaviors with the nonparetic (right) hand directed by contralesional (left) M1 result in overactivity of a portion of left M1 (dark gray circle), which increases the IHI from the left to the right (thick arrow) and decreases excitability in some surviving neurons of ipsilesional (right) M1 (whitish gray = diaschisis). (C) Intervention includes rTMS (energy bolt) to left M1 to disrupt excitability there combined with forced use of paretic hand and nonuse of nonparetic hand. (D) Idealized outcome of disinhibited right M1 and associated rebalancing of IHI allowing function to return to peri-infarct zone (white square) and adjacent gray matter but not to infarct itself.
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , DOI: ( /j.apmr )
Copyright © 2012 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions