1. Systematic Desensitisation

2. Phobias What is a phobia?
An exaggerated fear of an object or situation
The fear is irrational – the fear of the thing is greater than the risk posed by the thing itself.

3. What do you think the 10 most common phobias are?
Heights
Being sick/vomiting
Cancer
Thunderstorms
Death and dead things
Spiders
Social Phobia (afraid of being with people)
Flying
Open spaces
Small spaces

4. Phobias Does anyone have a phobia?
How do you think phobias could be learned?
Who did we learn about who was given a phobia?
Little Albert

5. How a phobia could be learned
According to behaviourists, phobias are learned, just like any other behaviour
Fill in the gaps to show how a phobia could have been conditioned. Chose one of the following:
John has a phobia of dogs. This is because he was once attacked by a dog
If you have a phobia yourself, explain how a negative experience caused that phobia
Make up a phobia, and explain how it came about

6. Conditioning of a Phobia
Before conditioning
UCS UCR
(being attacked) (Fear)
NS No Response
(dog)

7. Conditioning of a Phobia
During conditioning
UCS NS UCR
(being attacked ) (dog) (fear and pain)
After conditioning 
CS CR
(dog) (fear)

8. Systematic Desensitisation (SD)
It was first developed by Wolpe (1958) and is used in the treatment of phobias.
Phobias come about through classical conditioning, but are maintained through operant conditioning.
People avoid what they are afraid of.
Less stressful than flooding

9. Systematic Desensitisation
AIM: This therapy aims to extinguish an undesirable behaviour fear by replacing it with a more desirable one: relaxation.
Link with the assumptions? The beh. approach assumes that all behaviour is learned from the environment. Therefore, we can unlearn conditioned responses by manipulating the environment.

10. Systematic Desensitisation
What is counterconditioning (also called reciprocal inhibition?
We can not feel fear and relaxation at the same time, as the two emotions are not compatible.

11. Systematic Desensitisation
Read the description of the process of SD

12. How does it work?

13. In Vitro or In Vivo? In vivo: direct experience
In vitro: using visualisation
TASK
Name some phobias which you would use in vivo and in vitro for.

14. Links to the assumptions…
SD uses CC. Feared stimuli are conditioned through therapy to be associated with relaxation. This will lead to extinction of the fear response
SD uses generalisation. It is impossible for the therapist to account for every possible fearful situation. Relaxation learned should be generalisable to other similar stimuli.

15. Your turn In pairs, come up with a hierarchy of fear for any phobia
In vivo or in vitro?

16. Findings from research pg. 56
What did Capafons et al (1998) find?
What did Seligman (1970) find?

17. Findings from research
McGrath (1990) found that SD is successful for a wide range of anxiety disorders, with 75% of patients with phobias responding to treatment.

18. Task Create a flyer for a clinic which treats phobias with SD.
Must contain the following information
The aim of the therapy and how it works
The process of the therapy
An example of the therapy in action
Research evidence which supports it’s effectiveness
It must be written so that someone with no knowledge of psychology could understand it

19. A strange phobia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ta-FGE7QELQ
How would you help this woman?