1. ACIDS
A substance that produces HYDROGEN (H+) or HYDRONIUM (H3O+) ions in solution

2. Properties of Acids *Taste Sour *Corrosive
*Are Electrolytes *pH range
*Neutralizes Bases *Donates protons
*Contains many H+ ions and a few OH- ions
*Formulas begin with “H”
*Ionizes in H2O (HCl H+ + Cl-)
Considered strong if completely ionizes

3. Examples of STRONG Acids
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) - Battery Acid
Nitric Acid (HNO3) - Explosives
Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) - Fertilizers
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) - Stomach Acid, Cleans Metal

4. Examples of WEAK Acids Citric Acid (C6H8O7) - Lemons, Oranges
Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) - Vinegar
Formic Acid (CH2O2) - Ant Bites
Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) - Soft Drinks

5. A substance that produces HYDROXIDE (OH-) in solution
BASES
A substance that produces HYDROXIDE (OH-) in solution

6. Properties of Bases *Feels Slippery *Called Alkaline
*Formula ends in “OH”
*Contains many OH- ions and a few H+ ions
Except for AMMONIA
*Accepts Protons *Neutralizes Acids
*Corrosive *Are Electrolytes
*Taste Bitter *pH range
*Dissolves Oil and Grease (Makes Good Cleaners)

7. Examples of Bases Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) - Lye - Draino
Ammonia (NH3) - Windex & Mr. Clean
Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) - Plaster
Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) - Antacids & Deodorants
Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH) - Household Cleaner

8. Strengths of Acids & Bases
Strength is based on the ease of the formation of ions in solution
Strong acids & bases almost complete dissociate (form ions) in solution
Weak acids & bases only partly form ions in solution
Can tell the strength by the pH scale

9. The pH Scale A measure of the HYDRONIUM (H3O+) concentration
Describes the exact concentration of H+ ions: H+ reacts with H2O to form H3O+
Reading the Scale
0 – 6.9 = Acid
7 = Neutral
7.1 – 14 = Base

10. pH Scale Importance Plays an important role in digestion
Balance in necessary in bodies of water to keep fish and plants alive
Industry Uses: fertilizer, soft drinks, cleaners, shampoos

11. Substances that have different colors in an acid or a base
Indicators
Substances that have different colors in an acid or a base

12. Types of Indicators Litmus Paper pH Paper Phenolphthalein
Turns BLUE in a BASE
Turns RED in an ACID
pH Paper
Color changes based on pH scale
Phenolphthalein
Turns PINK in a BASE
Turns COLORLESS or CLOUDY in an ACID

13. Natural Indicators Tea Hydrangea Flowers Red Cabbage Juice
Turns YELLOW when ACID is added (Lemons)
Hydrangea Flowers
Flowers are RED in ACIDIC soil
Flowers are BLUE in BASIC soil
Red Cabbage Juice
Turns a variety of colors to show pH