1. Mitochondria and Chloroplast
Cellular respiration
Uses oxygen to generate ATP from sugars, fats, etc.
Chloroplast:
Photosynthesis
Converts solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight

2. Endosymbiosis theory
Mitochondria & chloroplasts were once free living bacteria engulfed by ancestral eukaryote
Evidence:
mitochondria and chloroplast have similarities with bacteria
Both have double membranes
Both contain ribosomes and circular DNA
They are autonomous

3. Evolution of eukaryotes

4. Cytoskeleton Functions: Components: Mechanical support
Maintains cell shape
Cell motility
Components:
microtubules:
Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments

5. 3 types of fibers Microtubules hollow rods
Give rigidity for organelle movement
Separation of chromosome in cell division
EX: Centrosomes and centrioles, cillia and flagella

6. Microfilaments: solid rods Bears tension
cell motility (contractile apparatus of muscles)
Support cell shape
Movement or more surface area

7. Intermediate Filaments:
More permanent
Function:
bears tension
Reinforce cell shape
fix organelle position
lines the nuclear envelope's interior

8. Cell Wall Cellulose Functions Structure
Protect, maintain shape, and prevent excess water loss and uptake
Structure
primary cell wall – thin & flexible
secondary cell wall – tough & strong
middle lamella - sticky polysaccharides

9. Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Outside plasma membrane in animals
Strengthens tissues and transmits info.
Made of glycoproteins (i.e. collagen)
Secreted by cells
Regulates cell through integrins (membrane proteins)

10. Cell Junctions Plasmodesmata
Joins internal chemical environment of adjacent cells

11. Tight Junctions:
hold cells together tightly to block transport of substances
No space

12. Desmosomes: fasten cells together into strong sheets
Attach muscle cells

13. Gap Junctions: Cytoplasmic channels for materials to pass
Cell communication
Cardiac muscle and embryos