1. Sound

2. Diegetic sound
Part of the cinematic ‘world’
E.G. natural sounds
Non-diegetic sound
Not part of the cinematic ‘world’
E.G. background music

3. Diegetic Sound Actual natural sounds caught on location or
Foley: a scene’s aural design is manipulated in post-production

4. Diegetic sound Synchronous sound effects *Mechanical breathing*
Matched to a visible source on screen.
*Mechanical breathing*
Bzzzzzz!
Clashhh!

5. Asynchronous sound effects
Sounds not matched to a visible source but logically part of the cinematic world
Helicopters!
Screams!
Sirens!
Stuff breaking!

6. Use of Sound Atmosphere Create the diegetic space Create meaning
Steer narrative
Suggest presence/absence – e.g. offscreen
Compliment or contrast with the image
Can be used to bridge/juxtapose scenes

7. Quality of sound Volume Timbre Pitch
Processed : Distorted/echo/clear/etc
Use of instruments
Chords

8. Does the use of sound: Help locate the action – e.g. a war zone?
Paths of Glory – Stanley Kubrick, 1957

9. Does the use of sound: Help us to build a diegetic geography?
Casablanca – Michael Curtiz, 1942

10. Does the use of sound: Compliment or contradict the image?
A juxtaposition or counterpoint to the visual information

11. Does the use of sound:
Subliminally influence our emotional response to character?

12. Does the use of sound:
Shock or surprise us – say in a sudden cut to a shot with high volume?

13. Does the use of sound:
Work to make us anticipate – e.g. using a J-cut?
Or leave a sound lingering (haunting?) using an L-cut?

14. Does the use of sound:
Signify genre?

15. Does the use of sound: Signify a character’s state of mind?
The Innocents – Jack Clayton, 1961

16. Does the use of sound:
Signify the presence of an off-screen character?

17. Use of sound links http://filmsound.org/marshall/