1. 1
Cells

2. Units Goals
Analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells.
Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction.
Explain the impact of water on life processes.
Osmosis and diffusion

3. All living things are made of small structures called cells.2
What is a cell?
All living things are made of small structures called cells.

4. HISTORY
OF THE
CELL

5. Robert Hooke 1665 One of the first people to see cells.3
Robert Hooke
1665
English scientist
One of the first people to see cells.
Looked at Cork Cells.
First to use the word cells- named them for the places that monks sleep in the monastery.
cork

6. Concluded that all animals are made up of cells5
1839
Theodor Schwann
Concluded that all animals are made up of cells

7. Concluded that all Plants are made up of cells6
1839
Matthias Schleiden
Concluded that all Plants are made up of cells
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8. Cell Theory All living things are made up of cells7
Cell Theory
All living things are made up of cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
All cells come from pre-existing cells
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9. 7
What is a cell made of?
Cells are ~90% water.

10. Cell Composition 50% protein 60% H 15% carbohydrate 25% O8
Cell Composition
Of the dry weight:
50% protein
15% carbohydrate
15% nucleic acid
10% lipid
10% miscellaneous
Approximate composition by element:
60% H
25% O
12% C
5% N

11. What are the two basic types of cells?

12. 8
Prokaryotic &
Eukaryotic

13. Prokaryotic Cells Are all singled celled organisms--ex: Bacteria9
Prokaryotic Cells
DO HAVE
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
DNA
DO NOT HAVE
Organelles
Nucleus
Are all singled celled organisms--ex: Bacteria
Thought of as more ancient life forms…they came first.
They still carry out all of life’s functions!

14. Eukaryotic Cells Have organelles.10
Eukaryotic Cells
Have organelles.
Believed to have evolved from prokaryotic cells (Theory of Endosymbiosis).
Can be singled-celled or multi-cellular organisms.
ex: plants, animals, fungi, protista

15. 11
How big are cells?

16. Major Theme “Function dictates form” Humans have ~200 cell types
All cells do not look alike
Ex: Nerve cells long and spindly
Cells that store fat are rounded &large
Structural cells are square
Animation

17. 11
Size differences:
Pro: μm
Eu: μm
Cells come in many different shapes & sizes.

18. How are cells organized?12
How are cells organized?

19. The Cell Membrane (aka: plasma membrane)
Basic Cell Structure
The Cell Membrane (aka: plasma membrane) 13
The outside of all cells are surrounded by a membrane made of phospholipids.
Nickname: “The gatekeeper”

20. 14
about as fluid as salad oil
Membranes are fluid
Membrane molecules are held in place by relatively weak hydrophobic interactions.
Most can drift laterally, but rarely flip-flop from one layer to the other.

21. Plant cell wall are made of Cellulose. 15
Plant and Fungi cells also have a cell wall outside of the cell membrane.
Plant cell wall are made of Cellulose.
Fungi cell walls are made of Chitin.

22. Cell walls can also be found in fungi and bacteria.16
Cell walls can also be found in fungi and bacteria.
The cell wall provides support and protection for these cells.
In plants, the cell wall is made of the carbohydrate cellulose.

23. Inside of the cell The Cytoplasm19
Inside of the cell The Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm contains all of the organelles in eukaryotic cells.

24. The jelly-like insides of a cell is called cytoplasm.
Cells are filled with organelles that each do something to keep the cell alive.
The jelly-like insides of a cell is called cytoplasm. 20

25. Organelles in the Cytoplasm21
Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Each organelle has a specific function so that the cell can do its job.
Each organelle has its own job!
Remember: ONLY EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE ORGANELLES!!!!

26. What an organelle? Organelle means “tiny organ.”22
What an organelle?
Organelle means “tiny organ.”
Organelles function together to help the cell carry out all of life’s activities!!

27. 23
Organelles
of the
Cell

28. Nucleus-The Control Center24
The “Brain”
Contains the DNA
DNA controls which proteins get made-and when!
Where ribosomes are made

29. The nucleus has a phospholipid bilayer around it.
The nuclear pores allow substances to move into and out of the nucleus.
The DNA NEVER leaves the nucleus. 25

31. Ribosomes Not technically an organelles. Nickname: “protein maker”27
Not technically an organelles.
Nickname: “protein maker”
Place where proteins are made.
They help put the amino acids together to make proteins.
Made of the nucleic Acid-RNA
website

33. Endoplasmic Reticulum29
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Membrane system that’s function involves protein synthesis and transport.
Can be thought of as a Highway and a place of protein synthesis.

34. Two types of ER Smooth Rough 30 No attached ribosomes

35. ER branches off from the nuclear membrane.31
ER branches off from the nuclear membrane.

37. Golgi Apparatus Nickname: “UPS”33
Golgi Apparatus
p. 175
Nickname: “UPS”
Packages molecules and sends them to their destination.
Also checks to make sure the molecules are put together correctly, if not correct it sends them back to the ER.
Website

38. Animation

39. 35
Golgi w/vesicles
Vesicles are packages of material that are being transported.