1. CHAPTER 1 INTRO. TO A&P

2. Intro to A&P
Anatomy –
Physiology – deals with functions & how body parts operate

3. Levels of Organization
Living organisms are composed of different levels of organization:
Atom- particles which make up matter
Organelle-
Cell- basic unit of structure and function
Tissue- specialized cells organized into layers or masses that have specific functions.
Organs-
Organ systems- groups of organs that function closely together
Organism-

4. Levels of Organization

5. Requirements of Living Organisms
Water
Food
Oxygen
Cell respiration
Heat
Controls rate of reactions
Pressure

6. Characteristics of Life (traits shared by all living things)
Movement
Growth
Reproduction

7. Characteristics of Life
Digestion
Circulation
Excretion
Together. these activities constitute an living thing’s metabolism (all the chemical & physical changes that occur)

8. Organ Systems (11 total)
Integumentary system- skin and accessory organs (hair, nails and sweat glands).
Protects underlying tissue, regulates body temp and contains sensory receptors
Skeletal system- Bones, ligaments and cartilage
Provides framework and protective shields for soft tissue.
Production of blood cells
Respiratory system- Lungs, pharynx, larynx and trachea
Exchange gases between air and blood
Reproductive system- Male and female reproductive organs.
Production of new organisms
Endocrine system- Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands
Secrete hormones which trigger metabolic function

9. Organ Systems Muscular system- Provide forces that cause movement.
Nervous System – Brain, spinal cord and nerves
Stimulates muscles to contract and activates glands
Cardiovascular System- Heart, arteries, capillaries and blood.
Transports products throughout body.
Lymphatic System-Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus and spleen
Filters blood for pathogens and removes fats from digestive tract.

10. Organ Systems
Digestive System- Mouth, teeth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines.
Converts food molecules so they can be absorbed.
Urinary system- Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
Remove waste from blood and maintain water balance

11. Homeostasis
Definition – maintenance of a stable, balanced internal environment
Use homeostatic mechanisms:
Receptors-
Control Center- includes a set point, tells what a particular value should be. ( ex. 98.6°F)
Effectors-

12. Negative Feedback
Most use negative feedback – changes that causes responses in the opposite direction; returns the body to normal (set point)
Examples – blood pressure, body temperature, blood glucose level

13. Homeostasis - Positive Feedback
Definition –
Examples – blood
clotting, breastfeeding,
childbirth

15. Blood Glucose Level

16. Major Body Cavities – axial portion of body – includes two: 1
Major Body Cavities – axial portion of body – includes two: 1. Dorsal – has 2 smaller cavities: a. Cranial – includes: - Nasal Oral - Middle ear - Sinuses b. Vertebral includes s.c.

17. Major Body Cavities a.Thoracic – includes: - pleural cavity –
2. Ventral – has 2 smaller cavities:
a.Thoracic – includes:
- pleural cavity –
Mediastinum – the space
separating the two lungs;
includes:
- pericardial cavity –
Diaphragm – separates the thoracic from abdominal cavities
b.Abdominopelvic - includes:
- abdominal cavity -
- pelvic cavity -

18. Body Cavities

19. Anatomical Terminology
Terms used to describe body position, body planes, etc.

20. Anatomical Position When these terms are used,
it is assumed the body is in
Anatomical position:
Standing
Facing forward
Palms facing forward

21. Relative Position – describes the location of 1 body part w/respect to another
Superior vs. Inferior
Anterior vs. Posterior
Medial vs. Lateral
Distal vs. Proximal

22. More Anatomical Positions
Contralateral vs. Ipsilateral
Deep vs. Superficial
Peripheral

23. Body Sections – planes along which the body may be cut to observe locations of organs

24. Membranes 2 types: 1. visceral – covers an organ 2. parietal –
Used in combination w/ terms for body cavities:
Example – visceral pleura
parietal peritoneum