1. Prenatal Period to 1 Year
Chapter 6
Prenatal Period to 1 Year

2. Heredity and Environment
Each sperm and ovum contributes 23 chromosomes to the zygote
The sex of the zygote is determined by the combination of X and Y chromosomes
Genes
Dominant
Recessive

3. Environment and Its Influences
General health of mother
Diet
Balance of rest and exercise
Avoidance of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs
Avoidance of teratogens
Early prenatal supervision

4. Stages of Development
Ovulation
Fertilization
Implantation

5. Sperm penetrating the ovum

6. Formation of dizygotic twins
Formation of dizygotic twins. There is fertilization of two ova, two implantations, two placentas, two chorions, and two amnions.

7. Prenatal Period Extends from fertilization to birth
Early stages of development
Zygote
Morula
Blastocyst
Embryo
Fetus
EMBRYO- 5 weeks

8. FETUS - 9 WEEKS

9. FETUS – 14 WEEKS

10. FETUS – 20 WEEKS

11. Stages of Labor Stage 1: dilation Stage 2: expulsion
Effacement
Stage 2: expulsion
Stage 3: delivery of placenta

12. PREPARING FOR DELIVERY

16. Vaginal Breech Delivery

17. Fetal Structures Placenta Umbilical cord Produces hormones
Transports nutrients and wastes
Protects
Umbilical cord
Two arteries
One vein

18. PLACENTA

19. Increased estrogen and progesterone levels are responsible for stimulating the massive growth of the uterus during pregnancy.
Prenatal uterine growth results from both hyperplasia, an increase in the number of muscle cells, and hypertrophy, an enlargement of the existing cells.
After birth the decrease in these hormones causes autolysis, the self-destruction of excess hypertrophied tissue.
Assessment of involution of uterus after childbirth. A, Normal progress, days 1 through 9. B, Size and position of uterus 2 hours after childbirth. C, Two days after childbirth. D, Four days after childbirth.

20. Apgar Scale Done at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth
Measures overall status
Color
Reflex irritability
Heart rate
Respiratory rate
Muscle tone

22. Physical Characteristics of the Newborn
Head
Length and weight
Skin

23. Superior view of the fetal skull.
Fetal head
two frontal bones,
two parietal bones,
and occipital bone
Molding
Sutures
Fontanelles
Superior view of the fetal skull.

24. Physical Characteristics of the Newborn
Genitals
Face and abdomen
Extremities

25. Neurological Characteristics of the Newborn
Protective reflexes
Blinking
Sneezing
Swallowing
Gag reflex

26. Neurological Characteristics of the Newborn (continued)
Other reflexes
Moro-startle
Rooting
Sucking
Grasp
Tonic neck
Babinski

27. Vital Signs Temperature Pulse Respirations Blood pressure
Range is 100 beats/min while asleep
beats/min while awake
Listen to apical pulse rates for a full min

28. Developmental Milestones
Gross motor skills
Head control and rolling over
Sitting
Crawling and creeping
Standing
Cruising
Walking

29. Developmental Milestones (continued)
Fine motor skills
Grasping
Reaching
Holding
Bringing objects to mouth
Holding own bottle, hand preference
Pincer grasp
Drinking from cup
Using a spoon

30. Psychosocial Development
Erikson: trust vs. mistrust
Parental guidance
Temperament

31. Cognitive and Moral Development
Cognitive development
Piaget: stage of sensorimotor development
Moral development

32. Communication
Crying
Cooing
Babbling
Sound repetition

33. Nutrition Breastfeeding Bottle feeding Weaning
Introduction of solid foods

34. Sleep, Rest, and Play
Sleep and rest
Play: solitary

35. Safety Safety issues Health promotion Suffocation Falls Choking
Poisoning
Drowning
Burns
Motor vehicle crashes
Health promotion

36. Health Promotion Good health practices Use of health-care services
Early diagnosis and treatment
Regular immunizations

37. Chapter Challenge
List three factors that may promote a healthy pregnancy
Trace development from fertilization to implantation
Name the primitive reflexes present at birth