1. Lipids
What do you mean I’m fat!?

2. Lipids – chains of Carbon, Hydrogen, and some Oxygen that is insoluble in water. (doesn’t dissolve)
Lipids can be used to:
Store energy (some fats store energy)
make up components of cell membranes
Lipids are fats & oils made up of fatty acids

3. I. There are 3 types of Fatty Acids:
Saturated fatty acids
Phospholipids
Unsaturated fat (includes polyunsaturated)

4. First, what exactly is a Fatty Acid?
A chain of Carbon atoms “saturated” with Hydrogen atoms.
It has a “head” or Carboxyl group (COOH-)
It has a “tail” or the Carbon chain

5. The “head” end loves water and is given the name HYDROPHILLIC
The “tail” end is scared of water and is given the name HYDROPHOBIC
You will see why this is so important when we talk about Phospholipids.

6. Saturated Fatty Acids
found in butter, lard, and grease from cooked meats
Is solid at room temperature

7. Saturated Fatty Acids
because the fatty acid has 3 fatty acid chains, it is called a TRIGLYCERIDE
Bad fats
- the 3 fatty acid chains are joined together by a glycerol molecule. The Carbons are joined together by a single bond.

8. This is like the “shorthand way to draw it
2. Phospholipids
A lipid with 2 fatty acid chains attached to the glycerol head is called a PHOSPHOLIPID (because it also has phosphorous in it)
This is like the “shorthand way to draw it
Hydrophilic “head”
Hydrophobic “tails”

9. Cell membranes are composed of 2 layers of Phospholipids
Cell membranes are composed of 2 layers of Phospholipids. This is what makes our cells almost waterproof.
Water outside Cell
Outer Layer
Inner Layer
Water inside Cell

10. 3. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
found in plant oils (olive oil, corn oil, some fish oils)
are liquid at room temperature
Is almost the same as a saturated fatty acid, BUT! *Some of the carbons have double bonds
This causes a “kink” in the carbon chain and makes the molecule bend.

11. If the Unsaturated fatty acid has only 1 double bond in the chain, it is called: Unsaturated
If the Unsaturated fatty acid has more than 1 double bond in the chain, it is called: Polyunsaturated
Remember, the fatty acid chains are held together by a glycerol molecule.

12. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

13. Use your flow chart for this…
LIPIDS
Monomer: = Fatty acid & Glycerol
Polymer: = Does not form Polymers
Macromolecule: = Fats, Phospholipids
Function: = Stored Energy, used for cell membrane

14. There are two types of Nucleic Acid
NUCLEIC ACIDS
There are two types of Nucleic Acid
DNA & RNA

15. DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid – is needed for all cell activity including cell division
It is your genetic information
RNA – Ribonucleic Acid – transfers information that is essential in manufacturing proteins

16. Nucleic acids are composed of:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Phosphorous.
The “monomers” of Nucleic acids are called: “Nucleotides”

17. A DNA nucleotide is made up of 3 things…
1. A Phosphate group
2. A Sugar (5 Carbon ring) Deoxyribose (DNA)
3. A Nitrogen group
We’ll go into greater detail later in the year

18. RNA is very similar to DNA is that it is composed of nucleotides:
The main difference is the sugar Ribose.
Ribose sugar

19. DNA is double stranded which means it has 2 nucleotides connected by their nitrogen bases.

20. U
RNA is single stranded which means it has nucleotides on one side only.

21. Use your flow chart for this…
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Monomer: = Nucleotide
Polymer: = DNA, RNA
Macromolecule: = DNA, RNA
Function: = Encodes genes, Gene expression

22. PROTEINS Composed of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Proteins are polymers with monomers called: AMINO ACIDS (sometimes called Peptide)
Our body makes proteins, and we also eat the protein made by other animals like steak, chicken, pork and other meats.

23. So a chain of Amino Acids make up a protein.
Proteins can:
Control the rate of reactions
(Ex. Enzymes)
- Regulate cell processes
Forms bones and muscles
(Ex. Actin & Myosin)
Transport substances in and out of cells
(Ex: Hemoglobin)
- Help fight diseases

24. The AMINO ACIDS are the secrets to a Protein
- there are only 20 different Amino Acids
Proteins are just chains of amino acids put together.
When proteins are bonded together, it is called a Peptide Bond

25. A Amino Acid consists of 4 parts
DRAW THIS!!!
A Variable group
Amino group
NH2
Carboxyl group
COOH-
A Hydrogen

26. What the heck is a Variable group?
If all the Amino Acids were the same…how come we have 20 different types?
The Variable group is the difference for each amino acid (kind of like a fingerprint)

27. - The amino group covalently joins with the COOH group.
- This allows you to make long chains of amino acids easily.
When proteins are bonded together, it is called a Peptide Bond
Two Amino acids bonded together, it is called a Dipeptide
- The function of each protein depends on specific sequence of amino acids.

28. Parts of certain proteins fold over to form specific structures.
1. A long chain of amino acids makes up the Primary Structure

29. 2. Portions of particular sequence of proteins coil (Alpha Helix), while others fold into (Beta pleated sheets) structures joined by hydrogen bonds. This is known as the Secondary Structure.

30. At this stage some proteins are complete.
3. Interactions between the alpha helix and the beta pleated sheets (hydrogen bonds) cause the protein to form a tight 3-D structure called a Tertiary Structure
At this stage some proteins are complete.

31. 4. Some proteins have other folded amino acid chains, (sub-unit proteins) join with the tertiary to form even a larger protein called a Quaternary Protein Structure.

32. Protein Denaturation
- a change in pH, salt [ ], temperature, or other alterations that cause a protein to unravel and lose conformation
Biologically inactive

33. Use your flow chart for this…
PROTEINS
Monomer: = Amino Acids
Polymer: = Small proteins
Macromolecule: = Globular protein, Structural proteins
Function: = control rate of reaction
regulate cell processes
form structures
transport substances through the cell