1. BIOLOGY NOTES GENETICS PART 1 PAGES 132-150

2. Standards
____ Describe the cell cycle, including the process of mitosis. Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of new cells and its importance in maintaining chromosome number during asexual reproduction
____ Explain the relationship between mutation, cell cycle, and uncontrolled cell growth potentially resulting in cancer
____ Compare and contrast binary fission and mitotic cell division
5.1
5.2
5.3

3. Essential Question: What mechanisms control the life cycle
of the cell?

4. I. Organism Growth
In order for an organism to grow they must increase the number of _____ because increasing the size of a cell does not make sense
Cells have ______ for how large they can become. Cells cannot grow too _____ because:
DNA – the cell can grow in _____ but there will be no extra ______ made
leads to an “___________ crisis”
cells
limits
large
size
DNA
information

5. 2. Surface Area Versus Volume
a cell’s ________ increases much faster than its ________ area
DIAGRAM:
volume
surface 54 24 6 27 8 1
3:1
6:1
2:1

7. large volumes with small ________ area means the cell membrane cannot receive _________ and get rid of _______ fast enough for the cell to ________
________ and _________ would occur too slowly
surface
nutrients
wastes
survive
osmosis
diffusion

8. II. The Cell Cycle = the life cycle of the _____ which includes _______ and ________
to ______ and ________ the overall organism
to replace ____ and worn-out cells
cell
division
growth
grow
develop
old

10. CELL CYCLE PROCESSES:
1. Interphase = the _______ part of the cell cycle in which all organelles are doubled except the ________
growth
nucleus

11. G1 phase = Gap I phase in which the cell grows in _____ and protein production is _____
nerve cells cannot replicate because they get ______ in this phase
b. S phase = Synthesis phase in which the _____________ in the nucleus are copied
c. G2phase = Gap II phase in which the cell prepares for _________
size
high
stuck
chromosomes
division

12. 2. Mitosis = the process in which the cell nucleus is __________
Inside the nucleus is the genetic material of life known as _____. During cell division, the _____ will change forms.
chromatin = long, stringy strands of _____ mixed loosely with ________ called histones
replicated
DNA
DNA
DNA
proteins
DNA double helix
DNA and histones
Chromatin
Supercoiled DNA

14. c. sister chromatids = identical halves of a _____________ DIAGRAM:
b. chromosome = one long, continuous piece of _____ made of numerous ______
coiled chromosomes signal the start of _________
c. sister chromatids = identical halves of a _____________
DIAGRAM:
DNA
genes
mitosis
chromosome

17. mitosis will take the duplicated _____________ made in _____________ and divide them up between two new _____ so that each new cell will have a _________ with the exact same genetic ________
this means that when mitosis makes new cells they are ________ to the old cells
the 4 phases in mitosis that will divide the DNA are: _________
__________
chromosomes
Interphase (s)
cells
nucleus
material
identical
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

18. INTERPHASE Parent cell centrioles spindle fibers centrosome
nucleus with
DNA

19. PROPHASE

20. METAPHASE

21. ANAPHASE

22. TELOPHASE

23. CYTOKINESIS

25. 3. cytokinesis = the last step of the cell ________ which divides the cell’s ___________ and ___________ e.g.
division
organelles
cytoplasm
animal cells = cleavage furrow
plant cells = cell wall

27. At the end of cytokinesis, there are __ identical _____ which makes the overall organism grow in _____
The resulting cells of the cell cycle are known as ________ cells
somatic cell = a _____ cell (all cells or the human body are considered somatic cells EXCEPT _____ and ______) 2
cells
size
somatic
body
egg
sperm

28. DIAGRAM OF THE CELL CYCLE:

31. III. Cell Cycle Rate & Cancer
Cells control the ____ at which they divide and make new ______
External and internal chemicals signal when cells start and end each step of the cell _______
Depending on a cell’s ________ and the overall age of an _________, time spent in each phase of the cell ______ will vary
rate
cells
cycle
function
organism
cycle

32. e.g.

33. apoptosis = programmed cell ______ e.g. die
Sometimes, cells are scheduled to self-destruct or ____ in order for the overall organism to function properly
apoptosis = programmed cell ______
e.g.
die
death
webbed fingers as embryo
webbed fingers

34. Cancer = a class of diseases which results in the body’s inability to control the _______ and division of _____ resulting in an overabundance of unwanted and unusable _____ which can clump together to form _______
growth
cells
cells
tumors

35. tumors are said to be _______ if tumor cells remain clumped together making it relatively easy to remove all unwanted _____ by treatment
tumors are said to be __________ if some of the tumor cells migrate to other parts of the body where they can _______ or form new tumors
benign
cells
malignant
divide

36. cancer is caused by some form of __________ or error found within the DNA
mutations can be _________ or caused by some sort of outside influence like ____________
treatments for cancer include _________ and ______________
mutation
inherited
carcinogens
radiation
chemotherapy

37. IV. The Cell Cycle & Reproduction
We know that all creatures start as a single cell. However, if cells only come from other cells, and they are identical after going through the cell cycle, how do _________ differ from their ________?
In ________ reproduction, a new organism is created from __ parent and the offspring are _________ to this parent except if __________ arise
offspring
parents
asexual 1
identical
mutations

38. In _______ reproduction, a new organism is created from the _____ of __ parents
DNA from each parent is placed together in a single cell which creates an __________ that is different from each parent
sexual reproduction produces a GREATER amount of _______ variation
sexual
DNA 2
individual
genetic

39. Asexual Reproduction = the production of an individual from only __ parent
Produces offspring that are ________ to parent because the _____ of the new offspring comes from ___ parent
The cell cycle with ________ also results in daughter cells _________ to parent cells
This means the cell cycle with ________ and some forms of asexual reproduction are very similar process both of which limit _______ variation
e.g. 1
identical
DNA 1
mitosis
identical
mitosis
genetic

40. Types of Asexual Reproduction:
Budding = type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism _____ off of the _______ organism
e.g.
buds
parent
hydra, yeast
bud
Hydra
Yeast

41. 2. Regeneration = type of asexual reproduction in separate piece of the ________ organism can develop into a new _________ e.g.
original
offspring
starfish, sponge

42. 3. Binary Fission = type of asexual reproduction in which the parent ___________ splits in ___ and each half grows new ______ to become a complete __________
binary fission and the cell cycle with _______ are almost identical process because they both occur in a single cell and have identical __________
e.g.
completely 2
parts
organism
mitosis
outcomes
flatworm, amoeba, bacteria,
paramecium

43. parent cell
DNA
duplicates
cell begins
to divide
daughter
cells

44. 4. Sporulation = a type of asexual reproduction in fungi when _______ are produced and scatter to create new ___________ e.g.
spores
individuals
bread mold, mosses, ferns

45. 5. Vegetative Propagation = type of asexual reproduction in which new _______ grow from the stems, roots, or leaves of an _________ plant e.g.
plants
existing
potato, strawberry

46. 6. Parthenogenesis = type of asexual reproduction in which the female produces _____ that can develop into new offspring without ___________ e.g.
eggs
fertilization
Daphnia