1. Bones, Part 1: The Appendicular Skeleton

2. The primary function is movement
It includes bones of the upper and lower limbs
Girdles attach the limbs to the axial skeleton
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3. The Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral girdle
Attaches the upper limbs to the trunk
Pelvic girdle
Attaches the lower limbs to the trunk
Upper and lower limbs differ in function
Share the same structural plan
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4. Consists of the clavicle and the scapula
The Pectoral Girdle
Consists of the clavicle and the scapula
Pectoral girdles do not quite encircle the body completely
Medial end of each clavicle articulates with the manubrium and first rib
Laterally – the ends of the clavicles join the scapulae
Scapulae do not join each other or the axial skeleton
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5. Provides attachment for many muscles that move the upper limb
The Pectoral Girdle
Provides attachment for many muscles that move the upper limb
Girdle is very light and upper limbs are mobile
Only clavicle articulates with the axial skeleton
Socket of the shoulder joint (glenoid cavity) is shallow
Good for flexibility – bad for stability
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6. Articulated Pectoral Girdle
PLAY
Shoulder
Figure 8.1a
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7. Extend horizontally across the superior thorax
Clavicles
Extend horizontally across the superior thorax
Sternal end articulates with the manubrium
Acromial end articulates with scapula
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8. Clavicles
Figure 8.1b, c
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9. Provide attachment for muscles Hold the scapulae and arms laterally
Clavicles
Provide attachment for muscles
Hold the scapulae and arms laterally
Transmit compression forces from the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
PLAY
Shoulder
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10. Lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage Located between ribs 2 – 7
Scapulae
Lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage
Located between ribs 2 – 7
Have three borders
Superior
Medial (vertebral)
Lateral (axillary)
Have three angles
Lateral, superior, and inferior
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11. Structures of the Scapula
Figure 8.2a
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12. Structures of the Scapula
Figure 8.2b
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13. Structures of the Scapula
Figure 8.2c
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14. 30 bones form each upper limb Grouped into bones of the
The Upper Limb
30 bones form each upper limb
Grouped into bones of the
Arm
Forearm
Hand
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15. Region of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow Humerus
Arm
Region of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow
Humerus
The only bone of the arm
Longest and strongest bone of the upper limb
Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder
Articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow
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16. Arm
Humerus
Many structures of the humerus provide sites for muscle attachment
Other structures of the humerus provide articulation sites for other bones
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17. Structures of the Humerus of the Right Arm
Figure 8.3a, b
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18. Formed from the radius and ulna
Forearm
Formed from the radius and ulna
Proximal ends articulate with the humerus
Distal ends articulate with carpals
PLAY
Elbow
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19. Radius and ulna articulate with each other The interosseous membrane
Forearm
Radius and ulna articulate with each other
At the proximal and distal radioulnar joints
The interosseous membrane
Interconnects radius and ulna
In anatomical position
The radius is lateral and the ulna is medial
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20. Details of Arm and Forearm
Figure 8.5a
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21. Main bone responsible for forming the elbow joint with the humerus
Ulna
Main bone responsible for forming the elbow joint with the humerus
Hinge joint allows forearm to bend on arm
Distal end is separated from carpals by fibrocartilage
Plays little to no role in hand movement
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22. Proximal Part of the Ulna
Figure 8.5b
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23. Radius and Ulna Figure 8.4a, b
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24. Contributes heavily to the wrist joint
Radius
Superior surface of the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum
Medially – the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna
Contributes heavily to the wrist joint
Distal radius articulates with carpal bones
When radius moves, the hand moves with it
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25. Distal Ends of the Radius and Ulna
Figure 8.5c
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26. Bones, Part 1: The Appendicular Skeleton

27. Includes the following bones
Hand
Includes the following bones
Carpus – wrist
Metacarpals – palm
Phalanges – fingers
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28. Forms the true wrist – the proximal region of the hand
Carpus
Forms the true wrist – the proximal region of the hand
Gliding movements occur between carpals
Composed of eight marble-sized bones
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29. Carpus Carpal bones Are arranged in two irregular rows
Proximal row from lateral to medial
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform
Distal row from lateral to medial
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate
A mnemonic to help remember carpals
Sally left the party to take Carmen home
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30. Bones of the Hand Figure 8.7a, b
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31. Five metacarpals radiate distally from the wrist
Metacarpus
Five metacarpals radiate distally from the wrist
Metacarpals form the palm
Numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb)
Articulate proximally with the distal row of carpals
Articulate distally with the proximal phalanges
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32. Numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb)
Phalanges
Numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb)
Except for the thumb, each finger has three phalanges
Proximal, middle, and distal
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33. Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
Table 8.1 (1 of 2)
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34. Attaches lower limbs to the spine Supports visceral organs
Pelvic Girdle
Attaches lower limbs to the spine
Supports visceral organs
Attaches to the axial skeleton by strong ligaments
Acetabulum is a deep cup that holds the head of the femur
Lower limbs have less freedom of movement
Are more stable than the arm
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35. Consists of paired hip bones (coxal bones)
Pelvic Girdle
Consists of paired hip bones (coxal bones)
Hip bones unite anteriorly with each other
Articulates posteriorly with the sacrum
PLAY
Hip
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36. A deep, basin-like structure Formed by
Bony Pelvis
A deep, basin-like structure
Formed by
Coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx
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37. Bony Pelvis PLAY Pelvis Figure 8.8a
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38. Consist of three separate bones in childhood
Coxal Bones
Consist of three separate bones in childhood
Ilium, ischium, and pubis
Bones fuse – retain separate names to regions of the coxal bones
Acetabulum
A deep hemispherical socket on lateral pelvic surface
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39. Forms the superior region of the coxal bone
Ilium
Large, flaring bone
Forms the superior region of the coxal bone
Site of attachment for many muscles
Articulation with the sacrum forms sacroiliac joint
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40. Forms posteroinferior region of the coxal bone
Ischium
Forms posteroinferior region of the coxal bone
Anteriorly – joins the pubis
Ischial tuberosities
Are the strongest part of the hip bone
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41. Forms the anterior region of the coxal bone
Pubis
Forms the anterior region of the coxal bone
Lies horizontally in anatomical position
Pubic symphysis
The two pubic bones are joined by fibrocartilage at the midline
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42. Lateral and Medial Views of the Hip Bone
Figure 8.8b, c
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43. Bony pelvis is divided into two regions
True and False Pelves
Bony pelvis is divided into two regions
False (greater) pelvis – bounded by alae of the iliac bones
True (lesser) pelvis – inferior to pelvic brim
Forms a bowl containing the pelvic organs
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44. True and False Pelves Figure 8.9b
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45. Bones, Part 1: The Appendicular Skeleton

46. Pelvic Structures and Childbearing
Major differences between male and female pelves
Female pelvis is adapted for childbearing
Pelvis is lighter, wider, and shallower than in the male
Provides more room in the true pelvis
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47. Female and Male Pelves Table 8.2 (1 of 2)
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48. Female and Male Pelves Table 8.2 (2 of 2)
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49. Carries the entire weight of the erect body
The Lower Limb
Carries the entire weight of the erect body
Bones of lower limb are thicker and stronger than those of upper limb
Divided into three segments
Thigh, leg, and foot
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50. The region of the lower limb between the hip and the knee
Thigh
The region of the lower limb between the hip and the knee
Femur – the single bone of the thigh
Longest and strongest bone of the body
Ball-shaped head articulates with the acetabulum
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51. Structures of the Femur
Figure 8.10b
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52. Triangular sesamoid bone
Patella
Triangular sesamoid bone
Imbedded in the tendon that secures the quadriceps muscles
Protects the knee anteriorly
Improves leverage of the thigh muscles across the knee
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53. Refers to the region of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle
Leg
Refers to the region of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle
Composed of the tibia and fibula
Tibia – more massive medial bone of the leg
Receives weight of the body from the femur
Fibula – stick-like lateral bone of the leg
Interosseous membrane
Connects the tibia and fibula
PLAY
Knee
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54. Tibia articulates with femur at superior end
Leg
Tibia articulates with femur at superior end
Forms the knee joint
Tibia articulates with talus at the inferior end
Forms the ankle joint
Fibula does not contribute to the knee joint
Stabilizes the ankle joint
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55. Structures of the Tibia and Fibula
Figure 8.11a, b
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56. The Foot Foot is composed of Important functions
Tarsus, metatarsus, and the phalanges
Important functions
Supports body weight
Acts as a lever to propel body forward when walking
Segmentation makes foot pliable and adapted to uneven ground
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57. Makes up the posterior half of the foot
Tarsus
Makes up the posterior half of the foot
Contains seven bones called tarsals
Body weight is primarily borne by the talus and calcaneus
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58. Consists of five small long bones called metatarsals
Metatarsus
Consists of five small long bones called metatarsals
Numbered 1–5 beginning with the hallux (great toe)
First metatarsal supports body weight
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59. Phalanges of the Toes 14 phalanges of the toes
Smaller and less nimble than those of the fingers
Structure and arrangement are similar to phalanges of fingers
Except for the great toe, each toe has three phalanges
Proximal, middle, and distal
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60. Bones of the Foot Figure 8.12a
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61. Bones of the Foot Figure 8.12b
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62. Bones of the Foot PLAY Bones of the Foot Figure 8.12c
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63. Foot has three important arches
Arches of the Foot
Foot has three important arches
Medial and lateral longitudinal arch
Transverse arch
Arches are maintained by
Interlocking shapes of tarsals
Ligaments and tendons
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64. Arches of the Foot Figure 8.13
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65. Lower Limb and Pelvis Table 8.1 (2 of 2)
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66. Disorders of the Appendicular Skeleton
Bone fractures
Hip dysplasia
Head of the femur slips out of acetabulum
Clubfoot
Soles of the feet turn medially
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67. The Appendicular Skeleton Throughout Life
Growth of the appendicular skeleton
Increases height
Changes body proportions
Upper-lower body ratio changes with age
At birth head and trunk are 1.5 times as long as lower limbs
Lower limbs grow faster than the trunk
Upper-lower body ratio of 1 to 1 by age 10
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68. Changes in Body Proportions
Figure 8.14
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69. The Appendicular Skeleton Throughout Life
Few changes occur in adult skeleton until middle age, when
Skeleton loses mass
Osteoporosis and limb fractures become more common
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