1. The States
of Matter

2. Matter
Matter: anything that takes up space and has mass Can you think of anything that is not made of matter? Energy- which is a property of matter!!

3. Matter is made up of moving particles!
Instead of using the word moving, we use the kinetic because it is a science word for movement!

4. We have 1 main Theory for this unit!
And we call it :
The Kinetic Theory of Matter!
The theory states that All matter is made of tiny constantly moving particles.
This is because all matter is made
of moving particles. The motion of the particles controls what the matter looks like!

5. Matter looks like 4 different things, and we call them States of Matter

6. Here are the 4 States of Matter we will discuss this unit
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma

7. Kinetic Theory of Matter
Matter will become any or sometimes all of these States because they are controlled by temperature

8. Temperature
A physical property of matter that determines how much heat energy an object can contain. An example of this energy is how hot or cold an object can become.

10. Definite shape and volume “Slow” vibration of particles
Lets begin with… Solids
Definite shape and volume
“Slow” vibration of particles
The bonded particles vibrate within the substance but lack enough energy to break free

11. There are 2 types of solids:
1. Crystalline 2. Amorphous

12. Solids Crystals: a solid whose particles are arranged in repeating geometric patterns

13. Solids Amorphous solids Particles do not have a repeating pattern

14. State of Matter: Liquids
No definite shape: takes the shape of its container
Definite volume
“Medium” vibration of particles
The particles have enough energy to break the bonds holding them together, not enough energy to escape from each other

15. Liquids
The particles of a liquid can move pass one another in a process called flow or pour (flow can be any direction while pour is under the influence of gravity)

16. There is 1 main principal you need to remember about liquids:
* Archimedes’ principle:
The buoyancy force on an object in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object
Buoyancy is the ability of a fluid to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it
Bill Nye: Buoyancy

17. State of Matter: Gases
No definite shape (takes the shape of its container) or volume (the particles can expand and contract to fill the space available)
“Fast” vibration of particles
The particles have enough energy to separate completely from one another

18. State of Matter: Plasma
Is a super heated gas of positive & negative particles
When the molecules are traveling so fast, they begin to break apart and electrons become stripped from their atoms.
This is called ionization
The fastest movement of
particles & is the MOST
common form in the universe!

20. There is 1 main principal you need to remember about liquids:
* Archimedes’ principle:
The buoyancy force on an object in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object
Buoyancy is the ability of a fluid to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it
Bill Nye: Buoyancy

21. Pressure: is a force that can influence all states of matter!
Is caused by particles colliding with their environment or each other
It is measured in units
of Pascal (Pa): Equal to
1 newton per square meter
(1 N = force needed to move 1 kg 1m/sec/sec)

22.
Solid
Liquid
Gas

24. All matter changes into a new state, but there are names for each change and we call them a change Of phase.

25. Ionization
Plasma
deionization

26. The phase from…. Liquid to Gas: Evaporation
Takes place below the boiling point of the liquid

27. Solid to Liquid: Melting
The phase from….
Solid to Liquid: Melting
Requires energy to break the physical bonds holding the particles together, this energy is called heat of fusion

28. Liquid to Gas: Vaporization
The phase from….
Liquid to Gas: Vaporization
Taking in Energy
Takes place above the boiling point of the liquid

29. In order for the phase from Liquid
to Gas to occur energy is needed
to make the particles separate,
we call this heat of vaporization

30. Gas to Liquid: Condensation
The phase from….
Gas to Liquid: Condensation
Releases energy (heat of vaporization)
The same amount of energy is required to change from a liquid to a gas

31. (the heat of fusion in reverse)
The phase from….
Liquid to Solid: Solidification (freezing)
Releases energy (heat of fusion), the same amount of energy required to change from a solid to a liquid
(the heat of fusion in reverse)

32. The phase from…. Solid to Gas or Gas to Solid: Sublimation
A solid changes directly to a gas without going through the liquid state
A gas changes directly to a solid without going through the liquid state

33. Heat of vaporization
Energy to overcome attractive forces of cohesion and/or adhesion which holds the particles close together thus allowing them to completely separate from each other forming a gas

34. The behavior of attraction between molecules is determined by a change in temperature. Molecules are held together by:
Cohesion
Adhesion

35. Adhesion is the attraction between different kinds of particles
Cohesion is the attraction between the same kind of particles
Adhesion is the attraction between different kinds of particles

36. fun facts!! BEC (Bose-Einstein Condensate):
State (phase) of matter obtained when atoms are super-cooled until they condense into “super-atoms” which then behave like waves
“Slowest” vibration of particles (within a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero)