1. Clouds, Precipitation & Fog4 3 . 9
Clouds, Precipitation & Fog

2. Cloud Formation
Clouds form when invisible water vapour that is present in the air changes into its visible form as water droplets or ice crystals, via condensation or sublimation. This occurs when:
the relative humidity is high,
when condensation nuclei are present, and
when there is a cooling of air.

3. Lifting Agents Orographic lift Frontal lift Convection
Air blowing against a range of hills or mountains is forced upward into a region of lower pressure, expands and cools. Condensation will occur when the dew point is reached.
Frontal lift
A mass of warm air is forced aloft and rises over the cold air. The rising warm air cools by expansion and clouds are formed.
Convection
The air over a very warm surface becomes buoyant due to its lower density and rises rapidly. A compensating flow of cold air descends to take it’s place. A vertical circulation is thereby created that distributes the heat through upper levels.

4. Lifting Agents Convergence - Turbulence
Air is forced into a region, as at the center of a low, convergence is occurring. The excess air is forced to rise, as it rises it expands and cools. When the condensation level is reached, cloud form.
Turbulence
Friction between the air and the ground disrupts the lower levels of the air into a series of eddies (swirls). These eddies are confined to the lower few thousand feet of the atmosphere but may extend higher if the air mass is unstable and surface winds are strong.

5. Precipitation
When water droplets (visible as a cloud) grow sufficiently in size and weight to fall due to gravity.

6. Forms of Precipitation
Drizzle, rain, freezing drizzle, freezing rain
Hail, snow pellets (soft hail)
Snow
Ice prisms
Ice pellets

7. PRECIPITATION CLOUD TYPE
Drizzle, freezing drizzle, snow
Snow or rain (continuous)
Ice pellets (continuous)
Hail, ice pellet showers
Snow shower, rain showers
Snow or rain (intermittent)
Ice prisms
PRECIPITATION
CLOUD TYPE
Stratus and stratocumulus
Thick altostratus and nimbostratus
Thick altostratus and stratocumulus
Altocumulus, heavy cumulus, cumulonimbus
Cumulonimbus
Any rain cloud (below freezing)
No clouds necessary
Snow pellets
Heavy cumulus

8. Confirmation Stage
NOTE: You must use the buttons in the Confirmation Stage

9. Meteorology Clouds, Precipitation & Fog
Let's try a few review questions on Meteorology:
Question #1 - A mass of warm air is forced aloft and rises over the cold air. The rising warm air cools by expansion and clouds are formed. This phenomena is known as A
Orographic Lift B
Frontal Lift C
Convection
Convergence D

10. I’m afraid that answer is incorrect
Flying Scholarship Program
I’m afraid that answer is incorrect
Let's try again...

11. That answer is correct. Let's move on... Flying Scholarship Program
TP312 & TP 14371

12. Meteorology Clouds, Precipitation & Fog
Let's try a few review questions on Meteorology:
Question #2 - What cloud will produce continuous rain? A
Stratocumulus B
Stratus C
Nimbostratus
Cirrostratus D

13. I’m afraid that answer is incorrect
Flying Scholarship Program
I’m afraid that answer is incorrect
Let's try again...

14. That answer is correct. Let's move on... Flying Scholarship Program
TP312 & TP 14371

15. Fog
Fog is a cloud, usually stratus, in contact with the ground. It forms when the air is cooled below its dew point, or when the dew point is raised to the air temperature through the addition of water vapour.

16. Types of Fog

17. RADIATION FOG
Usually forms on clear nights. Conditions that favour the formation of radiation fog are:
clear skies
moist air
light winds (2-5 knots)
The ground cools losing heat through radiation. The air in direct contact with the earth’s surface is cooled. If this air is moist and the temperature is lowered to the dew point , fog will form.

19. Forms when warm moist air moves over a cold surface.
ADVECTION FOG
Forms when warm moist air moves over a cold surface.

20. scan
Advection
Fog
COLD
LABRADOR
CURRENT
WARM
MOIST AIR 9

21. 10

22. UPSLOPE FOG
Caused by the cooling of air due to expansion as it moves up a slope. A light upslope wind is necessary.

23. example of upslope fog scan Stable, moist easterly flow MSL YQR YBR
Regina
YBR
Brandon
YPG
Portage La Prairie
YWG
Winnipeg
Stable, moist easterly flow

25. STEAM FOG
Forms when cold air passes over a warm water surface. Evaporation of the water into the cold air occurs until the air becomes saturated. The excess water vapour condenses as fog.

27. Frontal Fog
Often found near fronts. Warm front fogs are the most extensive and are caused by the cold air becoming saturated by evaporation from rain falling from the warm air. It is also known as precipitation-induced fog.

28. FRONTAL FOG SATURATION OF COLD AIR BY
EVAPORATION OF FALLING PRECIPITATION NS
FOG ST 28

29. Precipitation-induced Fog
Caused by the addition of moisture to the air through evaporation of precipitation.

31. Ice Fog
At very low temperatures, the air may become full of ice crystals. The ice crystals, which formed by sublimation, may suddenly appear when an aircraft engine has been started (the exhaust contains water vapour, condensation nuclei and the engine create mixing).

33. Confirmation Stage
NOTE: You must use the buttons in the Confirmation Stage

34. Meteorology Clouds, Precipitation & Fog
Let's try a few review questions on Meteorology:
Question #3 - What fog forms when warm moist air moves over a cold surface? A
Radiation fog B
Advection fog C
Upslope fog
Frontal fog D

35. I’m afraid that answer is incorrect
Flying Scholarship Program
I’m afraid that answer is incorrect
Let's try again...

36. That answer is correct. Let's move on... Flying Scholarship Program
TP312 & TP 14371

37. Meteorology Clouds, Precipitation & Fog
Let's try a few review questions on Meteorology:
Question #4 - What fog forms when cold air passes over a warm water surface. Evaporation of the water into the cold air occurs until the air becomes saturated. The excess water vapour condenses as fog. A
Radiation fog B
Precipitation-induced fog C
Upslope fog
Steam fog D

38. I’m afraid that answer is incorrect
Flying Scholarship Program
I’m afraid that answer is incorrect
Let's try again...

39. That answer is correct. Let's move on... Flying Scholarship Program
TP312 & TP 14371

40. Meteorology Clouds, Precipitation & Fog Congratulations!!
You have now completed the Clouds, Precipitation & Fog lesson of the Meteorology Module. Of course, this lesson is always available to you for future reference if required.
You are now ready to move along to the next Meteorology lesson you have not completed or to any other module you wish. You can advance to the Self Test Module if you feel ready to challenge the final exam.
Good Luck!