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Chapter 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Why It’s Important Every cell in your body needs ___________ to function. This energy is acquired through photosynthesis and cellular respiration energy
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Vocabulary Review What is metabolism?
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Energy in Living Systems
Chapter 5 Section 1 Energy and Living Things Energy in Living Systems Directly or indirectly, almost all of the energy in living systems needed for metabolism comes from the ____________ sun
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building breaking light chemical glucose food starch stems roots
Chapter 5 Section 1 Energy and Living Things building Metabolism involves either __________ molecules or ____________ down molecules in which energy is stored. Photosynthesis is the process by which ___________ energy is converted to _____________ energy This chemical energy is stored in the organic compound _____________, which is a plant’s _______ Often, plants convert glucose to ___________, which can be stored in ________ and ________ for later use Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called ___________________ breaking light chemical glucose food starch stems roots autotrophs
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Equation for Photosynthesis
Light Energy 6CO H > C6H O2 Carbon dioxide Water Glucose Oxygen What are the reactants? What are the products? Which substance acts a catalyst? Carbon dioxide and water Glucose and oxygen Light energy
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consume heterotrophs grass rabbits Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy and Living Things The chemical energy in organic compounds can be transferred to other organic compounds or to organisms that _______________ food. Organisms that must get energy by consuming other organisms are called ____________________ Examples… Rabbits consume ____________ A fox consumes _____________ consume heterotrophs grass rabbits
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break used cellular respiration usable ATP
Both plants and animals need a way to ___________ down their food so that it can be _______ to carry out cellular activities Organisms do so in a process called _____________ _______________ This process converts the chemical energy stored in glucose or starch into a _____________ form of energy called _________ break used cellular respiration usable ATP
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Cellular Respiration Equation
enzymes C6H12O O > 6C H2O energy glucose oxygen carbon dioxide water ATP What are the reactants? What are the products? Which substance acts as a catalyst? glucose and oxygen Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP enzymes
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Cellular Respiration Equation
enzymes C6H12O O > 6C H2O energy glucose oxygen carbon dioxide water ATP How are the equations for cellular respiration and photosynthesis related? The reactants and products are reversed
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Circle of Life plant animal O2 CO2
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Chapter 5 Transfer of Energy to ATP
Section 1 Energy and Living Things Transfer of Energy to ATP When cells break down food molecules, some of the energy in the molecules is released as _______, while the remaining energy is stored in ATP. Like money, ATP is a portable form of energy __________ inside cells It delivers energy wherever energy is needed in a cell heat “currency”
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Chapter 5 Section 1 Energy and Living Things Breakdown of Starch
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Chapter 5 Section 1 Energy and Living Things ATP adenosine ATP, which stands for ______________ ________________, is actually a ___________ with __________ extra energy-storing phosphate groups. What are the three basic parts of a nucleotide? triphosphate nucleotide two Phosphate group Sugar Nitrogenous base
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Nitrogenous base (adenine)
So ATP is made up of a…. ________________ ______ phosphate groups Sugar (ribose) Nitrogenous base (adenine) 3
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Chapter 5 Where is energy stored in ATP?
Section 1 Energy and Living Things Where is energy stored in ATP? Energy is released when the bonds that hold the phosphate groups together are _____________ The removal of a phosphate group from ATP produces ADP, which stands for ______________ __________________ H2O + ATP ADP + P + energy In the bonds between the phosphates hydrolyzed adenosine diphosphate
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Chapter 5 Section 1 Energy and Living Things ATP Releases Energy
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Chapter 5 Photosynthesis occurs in three stages
Section 2 Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in three stages Stage 1 Energy is _____________ from sunlight. Stage 2 Light energy is converted to chemical energy, which is temporarily stored in _____ and the electron carrier molecule ________. Stage 3 The chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH powers the formation of _________ ___________, using ____. captured ATP NADPH organic CO2 compounds
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These stages occur in different parts of the _________________
Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis These stages occur in different parts of the _________________ chloroplast Each green stack inside the chloroplast is called a _______ The grana are made up of individual _____________ which have their own membranes called ______________ membranes granum thylakoids thylakoid granum
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Photosynthesis Chapter 5 Stages 1 & 2 occur in the ___________
Section 2 Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Stages 1 & 2 occur in the ___________ ______________, while stage 3 occurs outside of the grana in the space called the ___________ thylakoid membrane stroma
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Stage One: Capture of Light Energy
Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis Stage One: Capture of Light Energy Sunlight contains a mixture of all the _______________ (colors) of visible light When sunlight passes through a _________, the prism separates the light into different colors. wavelengths prism
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Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis According to increasing frequency, the wavelengths are… Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet Hint… _______________ ROYGBIV Increasing frequency (energy)
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Wavelengths that are seen are ________________
reflected Wavelengths that are seen are ________________ Think of mirror…what is the image called that you see? Wavelengths that are not seen are __absorbed____________ Leaves contain light-absorbing substances called ______________________ Chlorophyll ____ __________________ reflection absorbed pigments a b carotenoids
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Chapter 5 What colors do chlorophyll b and a absorb?
Section 2 Photosynthesis What colors do chlorophyll b and a absorb? Violet, blue, orange and red
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Chapter 5 So chlorophyll reflects… Green and yellow
Section 2 Photosynthesis So chlorophyll reflects… Green and yellow
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Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis These pigments are embedded in the _____________ membrane which surround the _________ When light strikes the membrane, energy is transferred to _____________ in chlorophyll molecules This energy transfer causes the electrons to jump to a _________ energy level. thylakoid grana electrons higher
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Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis What colors do carotenoids reflect that chlorophyll does not? orange and red….fall colors
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Stage Two: Conversion of Light Energy
The absorbed light energy in electrons is used to make three different products… __________ Since these substances need light to be produced, stage two is referred to as the ____________ _________________ reactions ATP O2 NADPH light dependent
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As electrons move down the molecules, they release ____________…
Section 2 Photosynthesis First an excited electron _______ to a nearby molecule in the thylakoid membrane. Then the electron is passed down a series of molecules along the membrane called an _____________ _______________ ____________ (ETC) As electrons move down the molecules, they release ____________… Similar to how a bucket brigade loses water jumps chain electron transport energy
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Electron Transport Chains of Photosynthesis
Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis Electron Transport Chains of Photosynthesis
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Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis The first electron transport chain lies between the two green ___________ of pigment molecules clusters The first pigment cluster is called _________________ (PSII) because it was the second one discovered It absorbs energy and releases an excited ____________ Photosystem II electron
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Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis The excited electron jumps to the next molecule in the electron transport chain, releasing ____________ energy This energy is used by a membrane pump that pumps ___________________ ions _______ the thylakoid into hydrogen
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Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis This creates a __________ ____ of hydrogen ions inside the thylakoid build up This concentration gradient causes hydrogen ions to ________________ through a transport protein _____ of the thylakoid into the ___________ out diffuse stroma
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Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis The flow of hydrogen ions causes the transport protein to __________ spin force The spinning action creates a __________ that binds a phosphate group to ADP, producing _______ Since this transport protein produces ATP, it is called _____________________ ATP ATP synthetase / ATP Synthase
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Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis The energy released from the electrons also allows an enzyme to split a ______ molecule into hydrogen atoms and the gas ___ water O2 Chlorophyll molecules replace their excited electrons by taking an electron from hydrogen atoms, leaving them as _______. This allows light energy to excite ___________ electron in PSII ions another
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Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis The second cluster of pigments is called ______________ (PSI) because it was the first one discovered Photosystem I The original excited electron from ______ is eventually passed to PSI, where chlorophyll molecules will absorb light energy and __________ the electron again PSII excite
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Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis These excited electrons move down a ________ electron transport chain, releasing energy second hydrogen The released energy is used to bind a ___________ ion to NADP+, which forms ___________ NADPH
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Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis NADPH is an electron ___________ that provides the high-energy electrons needed to make ___________ in the third stage of photosynthesis Review… What three products are made during the light-dependent reactions? carrier sugar ATP O2 NADPH
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Stage Three: Formation of Organic Compounds
Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis Stage Three: Formation of Organic Compounds In the third (final) stage of photosynthesis, carbon atoms from _________________ in the atmosphere are used to make organic compounds, such as ______________, in which chemical energy is stored. The transfer of carbon dioxide to organic compounds is called carbon dioxide _______________ These reactions do not require light energy, so stage three is referred to as the light ____________________or _____ reactions carbon dioxide glucose fixation independent dark
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Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis Sugars are formed in the _______________________, which is named after __________ __________, the scientist who discovered it ***Occurs in the ____________ Calvin cycle Melvin Calvin stroma
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Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis First ____ CO2 molecules are added to ____ 5-carbon compounds called ____________ ____________ (_______) 3 3 ribulose biphosphate RuBP
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Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis These form 3 unstable ___-carbon compounds that immediately split into ____ 3-carbon compounds called ____________ ____________ 6 6 phosphoglyceric acid (PGA)
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Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis Next, the ATP and NADPH made during the _________ reactions supply _______ for ___ 3-carbon sugars, called ____________ ___________, to be made light energy 6 phosphoglycer- aldehyde (PGAL)
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Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis One PGAL is used by the plant to synthesize ___________,while the others regenerate RuBP, which began the cycle sugars
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Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis As shown in the diagram, RuBP needs another phosphate before the cycle can begin again… where does it come from? ATP
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Chapter 5 glucose C6H12O6 6 Section 2 Photosynthesis
What organic compound does a plant need to make for itself? What is its formula? How many carbon atoms does it contain? glucose C6H12O6 6
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Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis How many carbons are in the initial sugar produced? So while this diagram shows 3 CO2 molecules, photosynthesis really needs _____ 3 6
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Fill in the coefficients in the equation for photosynthesis below…
light __ CO __ H > C6H __ O2
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Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is directly affected by various environmental factors such as… _____________________ The rate of photosynthesis will increase with light intensity and CO2 concentration, until all of the _____________ are being used or the _________ cycle cannot process CO2 any faster Because photosynthesis involves ___________, it is most ___________ within a specific temperature range Light intensity CO2 concentration temperature pigments Calvin enzymes efficient
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Question 1 What molecule that contains chemical energy is produced in photosynthesis? A. O2 B. CO2 C. C6H12O6 D. H20
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Question 2 What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?
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Question 4 An ATP molecule is a nucleotide with two more…
A. Nitrogenous bases B. Phosphate groups C. Sugars D. Glycerol molecules
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Question 5 Do chlorophyll molecules reflect or absorb green light?
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Question 6 In order of increasing frequency, what do the first letter of each color in visible light spell?
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Question 7 In what part of the chloroplast are the electron transport chains located?
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Question 8 Which of the following is not a product of the light-dependent reactions? A. O2 B. glucose C. ATP D. NADPH
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Question 9 Which molecule is necessary to start the Calvin cycle?
A. O2 B. glucose C. CO2 D. ADP
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Question 10 What two other names are used to describe the Calvin cycle?
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