1. Akane Wang Shiou An liang Emiri mizuo
Kosovo
Akane Wang Shiou An liang Emiri mizuo

2. KOSOVO FACTS: Capital – Pristina Ethnic Composition – 92% Albanians
8% Sebs, Bosniaks, Gorani, Roma, Turks, Ashkali, Balkan Egyptians
Official Languages –
Albanian
Serbian

3. Post World War 2 1946 Kosovo absorbed into Yugoslav Federation
Kosovo: autonomous province in Serbia
1948
Tito-Stalin Split
1968
Student demonstarations

4. 1974
Yugoslav constitution recognizes autonomous status of Kosovo
Kosovo Serbian Population<10%
1981
Kosovo-Albanians demands for a Republic status
1987
Anti-Bureaucratic revolution
overthrew governments in the Serbian autonomous provinces of Kosovo
SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC

5. 1990
Kosovo’s autonomy taken away
Human right abuses towards towards Kosovo-Albanians grow
1991
Yugoslav Wars
Slovenia, Bosnia and Croatia declare independence
Kosovo wants independence
LDK
Democratic league of Kosovo

6. LDK & RUGOVA LDK led by Rugova:
appealing to the international community through NON-VIOLENT acts
BUT Rugova’s non violent policies FAILED to win recognition at the Dayton Agreement

7. Kosovo liberation army (kla)
1995
Killing of Serb police man
1997
Gain arms and ammunition
1991
Arrest of Adem Jashari

8. The Beginning 1998 March Clinton Administration:
Turning Point!  March 5th 1998, KLA Launched attack at Drenica Valley.
1998 March
Clinton Administration:
“we believe that in 1991, the international community stood by and watched ethnic cleansing in Bosnia.. We don’t want that to happen again this time”
Drenica Valley
Clinton speech

9. Reaction of Security Council
UNSC resolution 1160:
CHAPTER VII: “Threat to international peace and security”
Russia & China
Rest of the member
Russia: Internal affair of the FRY.
China: Intervention “without a request from the country concerned may set a bad precedent and have wider negative implications.”
Clear threat to peace and human rights in the Balkans

10. NATO Reaction NATO: difficulties of going in
Turning Point! Serbian attack on Decani (May 1998)
-100,000 refugees fleeing Decani shocked Blair Administration
NATO: difficulties of going in
Do not want to support KLA’s attack against the Serbs
The scale of Serbian counterattack was too big
Will have to act without explicit SC authorization
Photo of Decani

11. UN Resolution 1199 (September1998)
Demanded a FRY and KLA ceasefire
Legally binding under Chapter 7
not backed with military actions or sanctions
Russia & China
Britain & US
Russia: Risk of destabilizing
the Balkan region
China (abstained):
not a threat to international peace and security.
Resolution invoked Chapter VII to threaten the FRY
Wanted a stronger resolution than 1199

12. NATO Activation
Turning Point!  Report of mass killings (Oct. 5, 1998)
Russian opposition to intervene
Oct. 13: NATO issued an activation order for air strikes without SC authorization
Justified by existing Security Council Resolution
ILLEGAL
Photo of massacre oct. 5
Justified by: page 262
Resolution 1199 justified NATOs action. (German argument)
Illegal

13. October Agreement Milosevic and Holbrooke’s agreement
ceasefire, Serbian forces to withdraw
・1700 inspectors from OSCE entered the country.
・Unarmed NATO planes to watch over the area
Kosovo remain part of FRY with autonomy
Pic of Holbrooke
Resolution 1203: debate (page 263)
russia: we had the October agreement, should withdraw the inspectors.

14. Resolution 1203:
demanded FRY to comply with the previous resolution and cooperate with the NATO and OSCE verification mission

15. Rambouillet and Paris Negotiation’s failure
Turning Point! :
KLA continued to attack, massacre of Racak
(January 15, 1999)
Rambouillet talk: failed
A three-year transitional period
Substantial autonomy, own police force, jurisdiction, and assembly.
Limited FRY security and NATO led international force.
Paris talk: failed
Rambouillet talk pics

16. NATO Action
March 15th
new ethnic cleansing campaign by the Serbs
March 23rd
NATO launched air strike against Milosevic regime
Bombing photo

17. NATO Airstrike: Four Justification
Averting an impending humanitarian catastrophe
NATO’s credibility at stake
Ethnic cleansing should not be allowed In civilized Europe
NATO’s use of force was in conformity with the existing resolution
Ethnic cleansing
Tony blaire talk
Natos bombing
Russia & china?
Milosevic?

18. 2 Main Reason of Using Air Force
Avoid Risk of Deploying Ground Troops
Effective in Bosnia Case
Photo of bosnian case

19. But…. This accelerated the killings in Kosovo
NATO: Military targets to infrastructural targets
Consequence: Civilian casualties among the Serbs
This accelerated the killings in Kosovo

20. End of War NATO considering a ground invasion.
June 3rd EU-Russia Peace plan implemented
3 reasons:
Terms: withdraw of all Serb forces; deployment of NATO led multinational force KFOR.
NATO considering a ground invasion.
They were losing Russian support.
The KLA gaining grounds in the battle

21. NATO Action – Fail Points
1. Prevention is better than solution 2. Negotiated with FRY with unacceptable terms 3. The choice of means 4. Failed to protect Serbians in Kosovo after the war

22. Current Situation 2008 2013 Kosovo declares independence
90 countries approve
Serbia disapprove
2013
Deal – grants autonomy to Serb majority areas
Belgrade would ‘never recognize Kosovo’s independence’

23. Evaluation
Supreme humanitarian emergency Necessity/ Last resort Positive humanitarian outcome Proportionality Humanitarian Motive Humanitarian justification Legality Selectivity 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 2 3 1

24. References