1. Agenda Warm Up Independence in India and Africa
Create your own country
SOL Review
HW: Finish SOL Review

2. WarM Up
What signaled the end of the Cold War and the end of the Soviet Union?
Who were the leaders of the USA and USSR when the Cold War ended?

3. Independence Movements in India and Africa

4. Evolution of the Indian Independence Movement
Right to Self- determination (U.N. Charter)
British rule India
World War II weakened colonial rule
Mohandas Gandhi
Began a movement for independence in 1920

5. Decolonization in India
British policies and the demand for self- rule led to the rise of the Indian independence movement
Indian Sub-continent
British India
India
Pakistan (former West Pakistan)
Bangladesh (former East Pakistan)
Sri Lanka (former Ceylon)

6. Gandhi Nonviolence Civil disobedience and passive resistance
Used to gain independence from Britain 1947
Assassinated in 1948
Influenced MLK and Mandela

7. Map showing the creation of Pakistan and Bangladesh

8. Modern India
• Jawaharlal Nehru - a close associate of Gandhi, supported western style industrialization
India’s first Prime Minister, made democracy in India.
• 1950 Constitution sought to prohibit caste discrimination
• Ethnic and religious differences caused problems in the development of India as a democratic nation

9. Modern India Indira Gandhi Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru.
Became prime minister of India in 1966.
Developed a closer relationship between India and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
Helped to develop India’s nuclear program.
Assassinated in 1984.

10. Independence movements in Africa
Recall:
Imperialism
European Powers scramble for Africa
Division of the continent about European Imperial Powers

11. Africa under European Powers

12. Independence of Africa
Peaceful and violent revolutions after WWII
Pride in African cultures and heritage
Resentment toward imperial rule and economic exploitation
Loss of colonies by Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Portugal
Influence of superpower rivalry during the Cold War

13. Decolonization of Africa
Algeria fought a war for independence from France.
Kenya: Violent struggle under leadership of Jomo Kenyatta .
Decolonization of Africa

14. South Africa Black South Africans struggle against the apartheid
Apartheid: complete separation of races
Minority group rules the majority

15. African National Congress
Nelson Mandela
Received a life jail term in 1962 for involvement as a leader of the African National Congress.
Led the struggle to end apartheid in South Africa.
Released in 1990, Apartheid ends
In 1994 became the first black president of the Republic of South Africa.

16. End of the Apartheid F.W. de Klerk moved S. Africa towards change
Elected in 1988, dismantles racist government

17. Problems facing Africa Tribal wars over cultures and
Trouble with nationalism
Hutu majority slaughtering the Tutsi minority in Rwandan Genocide
1 million Tutsi murdered
Problems
facing Africa
AIDS epidemic
Darfur Genocide- Ethnic clash in Sudan 2004, 400,000 deaths
Migration of refugees, ethnic and religious conflicts

18. Independence movements in the Middle East
Recall:
League of Nations
Mandate System
British Mandates
French Mandates
Independence movements in the Middle East

19. Independence in the Middle East
Mandates created after WWI phased out following WWII
Middle East conflicts created by religious differences
Which countries on this map were French mandates? British mandates? What is the dominate religion is this region?

20. Decolonization in Middle East
Gamel Abdal Nasser
Egyptian leader – backed by
U.S.S.R.
Creation of Israel 
Arab-Israeli Conflict
Palestinians vs. Jews
Decolonization in Middle East
Golda Meir – Israeli prime minister – backed by U.S.
Today – Arab-Israeli conflict is a huge source of ethnic tension in the world – terrorism!
Yom Kippur War (1973) – Arabs attack Israel – Israel wins with U.S. help
Arabs
Israelis

21. Creation of Israel
Balfour Declaration – Europe, guilty over the Holocaust, created the new state of Israel out of the former British mandate of Palestine
Created conflict between Jews (Israelis) and Muslims (Palestinians
Arab-Israeli conflict

22. Israeli Leadership Golda Meir Prime Minister of Israel
After initial setbacks, led Israel to victory in the Yom Kippur War in 1973
Brought Israel closer to the United States

23. Middle East
Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria invaded Israel on May 14, 1948
Israel won
Egypt had a military coup led by Gamel Abdel Nasser, backed by U.S.S.R.
Aswan High Dam
Egypt takes over the Suez Canal
1956 Suez Canal
Support from Europe, Israel retakes the Suez Canal

24. Gamal Abdul Nasser Became the president of Egypt in 1952.
Sought to rid Egypt of foreign domination.
Nationalized the Suez Canal in in response to the U.S. and British withdrawing funds for the construction of the Aswan High Dam.
As a result, established a relationship between Egypt and the Soviet Union.
Eventually built the Aswan High Dam and became a very popular leader in the Arab world.

25. Arab-Israeli Conflict Today
Arabs want – Israel gone, no more Jewish settlements, rights for Palestinians in Israel
Israelis want – end to suicide bombings, continuation of Jewish settlements in controversial locations in Israel, control over Israel

26. Independence movements in Africa
Recall:
Imperialism
European Powers scramble for Africa
Division of the continent about European Imperial Powers

27. Africa under European Powers

28. Independence of Africa
Peaceful and violent revolutions after WWII
Pride in African cultures and heritage
Resentment toward imperial rule and economic exploitation
Loss of colonies by Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Portugal
Influence of superpower rivalry during the Cold War

29. Decolonization of Africa
Algeria fought a war for independence from France.
Kenya: Violent struggle under leadership of Jomo Kenyatta .
Decolonization of Africa

30. South Africa Black South Africans struggle against the apartheid
Apartheid: complete separation of races
Minority group rules the majority

31. African National Congress
Nelson Mandela
Leader of the movement
Received a life jail term for my involvement as a leader of the African National Congress.
Led a struggle to end apartheid in South Africa.
In 1994 became the first black president of the Republic of South Africa.
Foreign nations apply pressure

32. End of the Apartheid
F.W. de Klerk moved S. Africa towards change

33. Problems facing Africa Tribal wars over culture-
Trouble with nationalism
Hutu majority slaughtering the Tutsi minority in Rwanda
1 million Tutsi murdered
Problems
facing Africa
AIDS epidemic
Vastness of Africa
Migration of refugees, ethnic and religious conflicts

34. Contemporary Issues for Developed and Developing Nations

35. Economic Interdependence
The countries of the world are increasingly dependent on each other for raw materials, markets, and financial resources, although there is still a difference between the developed and developing nations.
Developed v Developing Nations

36. Contrasts between developed and developing nations
Characteristic
Definition
In a Developed Country it is..
In a Developing Country it is..
GDP (per capita)
How much a country produces in one year (per capita means per person)
High
Low
% of population living in an urban area
% of people living in cities
Population growth rate
% of population growth each year
Literacy Rate
% of people who can read/write
Life expectancy
Average length person lives (requires good health care)

37. Developed or Developing?1. 2.
48.1% Urban
27/1000 live births Infant Mortality Rate
2.4% Rate of Natural Increase
$4,900 GDP Per Capita
$430 million Imports to $290 million exports
Developed or Developing?
81.7% Urban
1.2% Rate of Natural Increase
32/1000 live births Infant Mortality Rate
$7,600 GDP Per Capita
$59.4 billion exports to $46.2 billion imports
Developed or Developing?

38. Developed or Developing?3. 4.
91.2% Urban
0.5% Rate of Natural Increase
5/1000 Live Births Infant Mortality Rate
$27,000 GDP Per Capita
$68 billion imports to $66.3 billion exports
Developed or Developing?
58.5% Urban
0.1% Rate of Natural Increase
4/1000 live births Infant Mortality Rate
$26,200 GDP Per Capita
$40.1 billion exports to $31.8 billion imports
Developed or Developing?

39. Answers
1.Belize is developing 2. Brazil is developing, but more developed than Belize 3. Finland is developed 4. Australia is developed

40. Developed and developing nations face many challenges
Developed and developing nations face many challenges. These include migrations, ethnic and religious conflicts, and the impact of new technologies.
Migrations of Refugees and others
Ethnic and religious conflicts
Impact of new technologies

41. 1. Guest Workers and Refugees
…someone from a non- industrialized country who moves to an industrialized country for a paying job
Ex. Turks in Germany
Migrations of “guest workers” to European cities
“Guest workers” leads to prejudiced anti- immigration political action
….someone who flees from a violent conflict
Refugees are an issue in international conflicts – why?
Example of the refugee crisis: Sudan.

42. 2. Ethnic and Religious conflicts
Middle East – Arab- Israeli Conflict
Northern Ireland – Protestants vs. Catholics
Balkans – ethnic cleansing
Africa – genocide in Rwanda and Sudan
Rwanda – Hutu killing Tutsi
Asia – genocide in Cambodia, Tamil Tigers
Ethnic and religious conflicts lead to terrorism and genocide

43. 2. Ethnic and Religious conflicts
Pol Pot
Leader of the Khmer Rouge.
Undertook a systematic program to kill artists, technicians, former government officials, monks, minorities and other educated individuals that I believed to be a threat to my new government.
Responsible for the genocide that took place in Cambodia from 1975 to 1977.

44. 3. Impact of New Technologies
Widespread but unequal access to computers and instantaneous communications
Genetic engineering and bioethics

45. Social Challenges facing developing nations
Poverty
Famine
Poor Health
Migration
Illiteracy
Without a thriving economy, people have unequal access to health care, education, food, shelter

46. Back to economic interdependence
Globalization
As the world acquires better technology, the world shrinks and relies on each other more frequently than ever before
Role of rapid transportation, communication, and computer networks
Rise and influence of multinational corporations
Changing role of international boundaries

47. European Union – an example of economic, regional integration
European Union (1995) – most of Europe combined their economies
Designed to compete economically with U.S. and Asia
Largest economy in the world
No tariffs between European countries  regional integration
The Euro!

48. Free Trade = Economic Interdependence
Trade Agreements
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) – U.S., Mexico, and Canada agree to free trade (NO TARIFFS)
World Trade Organization (WTO) – governs international trade, keeps it free
International organizations
International Monetary Fund (IMF) – loans money to developing countries

49. Environment: What economic factors affect the environment?
1. Economic development – the more economic development you have in your country, the higher the impact on the environment 2. Rapid population growth – the more people you have in a smaller space, the higher the impact on the environment
Environmental Impacts
Pollution
Loss of Habitat
Ozone depletion
Global Warming

50. Terrorism Examples of international terrorism Munich Olympics
Both developed and developing nations of the world have problems that are brought about by inequities in their social, cultural, and economic systems.
Some individuals choose to deal with these unequal conditions through the use of terrorist activities.
Terrorism is the use of violence and threats to intimidate and coerce for political reasons.
A major cause of terrorism is religious sectarianism.
Examples of international terrorism
Munich Olympics
Terrorist attacks in the United States (e.g., 9/11/2001) motivated by extremism (Osama bin Laden).
Car bombings
Suicide bombers
Airline hijackers

51. Government Response to International Terrorism
Review of Privacy Rights
Surveillance
Government Response to International Terrorism
Airport Security
Identification badges and photos

52. World Organizations, Associations, and Unions…oh my!
Let’s Review

53. Descriptions
Economic organization that benefits both trade and politics in Europe; common currency, the Euro
Created after World War II it was created to prevent or solve conflicts
Gives loans to developing nations to build roads, bridges, and industry
Promotes free trade/trade agreements between countries
Free trade (no tariffs) between U.S. Mexico, and Canada)
Military alliance formed to fight communists after World War II (the former Warsaw Pact countries join in the 1990s).

54. Answers EU: European Union UN: United Nations
IMF: International Monetary Fund
WTO: World Trade Organization
NAFTA: North America Free Trade Agreement
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization