1. The Scientific Revolution
Ch. 10 Section 1

2. The Ptolemaic System Geocentric system – earth centered
Done by Ptolemy
The universe is a series spheres, one inside another
God and Heaven are beyond the outer sphere
Earth and humans are in the center
Humans had been given power over the earth, but their real purpose was to get to heaven

3. Nicholas Copernicus Believed his heliocentric concept of the universe
Heliocentric – sun centered
The Sun was the center of the universe, not Earth
The planets revolved around the Sun, but the Moon revolved around the Earth

4. Johannes Kepler Confirmed that the Sun was the center of the universe
Used astronomical data to arrive at his laws of planetary motion
1st law – the orbits of planets around the Sun were not circular
They are elliptical (egg-shaped)
The Sun is toward the end of the ellipse instead of at the center

5. Galileo Galilei
First to make regular observations of the heavens using a telescope
Made many discoveries with the telescope
Mountains on the moon, Jupiter has 4 moons, sunspots, etc
Heavenly bodies were not pure orbs of light, they were composed of material substance, just like Earth

6. Galileo Galilei Galileo published The Starry Messenger in 1610
Responsible for making Europeans aware of the Copernican/heliocentric view of the universe
The Church ordered Galileo to abandon the Copernican system
B/c it threatened the Church’s entire concept of the universe and seemed to contradict the Bible

7. Isaac Newton Published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
Known simply as Principia
Defined 3 laws of motion that governed the planetary bodies
Universal law of gravitation
Explains why the planetary bodies do not go off in straight lines
Explains why they continue on their elliptical orbits around the Sun

8. Isaac Newton The universal law of gravitation
Every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity
This law explained all motion in the universe and created a new picture of the universe
Newton is considered by many to be the greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution

9. Andreas Vesalius Wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body
Dissected human bodies to learn
Presented a careful and accurate examination of the individual organs
General structure of the human body
One thing Vesalius was wrong about…
He thought that there were two kinds of blood running through the veins and arteries

10. William Harvey Published On the Motion of the Heart and Blood
Showed that the heart, not the liver, was the beginning point for the circulation of the blood in the body
Proved that the same blood flows through both veins and arteries
The blood makes a complete circuit as it passes through the body

11. Robert Boyle
One of the first scientist to conduct controlled experiments
Boyle’s Law – properties of gases
The volume of gases vary depending on the pressure exerted on it

12. Antoine Lavoisier Invented a system of naming the chemical elements
Founder of modern chemistry
Introduced the metric system
Recognized and named oxygen and hydrogen

13. Rene Descartes Father of rationalism
System of thought based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge
“I think, therefore I am”
“the mind cannot be doubted but the body and material world can”
Separation of mind and matter

14. Francis Bacon Used inductive reasoning
Scientist should go from specific to the general
Developed the scientific method
Bacon wanted science to benefit industry, agriculture, and trade
Scientific Method
Logical series of steps to follow in order to solve a problem