1. How can I help you be successful on Tuesday’s Exam?
DO NOW – 2 Minutes
How can I help you be successful on Tuesday’s Exam?

2. AIM:
What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

3. Macromolecules
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

4. What are Macromolecules?
Cells and their organelles - made up of smaller building blocks called macromolecules.
4 Types of macromolecules:
Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

5. Macromolecules
In Notes, write and place where each of the food you were given for Do Now in the following 3 categories:
1. Lipid
2. Carbohydrates
3. Proteins
In notes answer the following question: What do you notice about what each categories?
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

6. AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?
Monomers & Polymers
Macromolecules - made up of even smaller subunits called a monomer.
The macromolecules themselves are called polymers
Monomer: one basic unit or subunit
Polymer: a chain of many basic units (monomers)

7. Organic Molecules Organic Molecules :
Made up of the atoms: Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur
There are 4
Carbohydrates  C, H, & O
Lipids  C, H, & O
Proteins  C, H, O, N, & S
Nucleic Acids  C, H, O, N, & P
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

8. What you need to know: Names of the 4 macromolecules
Structure- monomers and polymers of each
Function- what are they used for?
Food sources- what foods will you find these in?
Indicator Tests- what tests do we use to find out if a food contains them?
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

9. Lipids
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

10. Lipids: Structure Lipids are made up of…
Monomer (basic unit): fatty acids
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

11. Lipid Structure Polymer (chain of units): lipids
Specific examples: triglycerides, phospholipids
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

12. Lipids: Structure* Properties of Lipids caused by:
Saturated vs. Unsaturated fatty acids
Polar head and nonpolar tail regions
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

13. Lipids: Function Make up the cell membrane, providing cell structure
Provide insulation (fat keeps body warm)
Long-term energy storage
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

14. Lipids: Food Sources fatty foods contain lipids.
Lipids are found in meat and fish, oils, avocados, eggs & nuts.
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

15. Lipids: Indicator Test
Paper Bag Test:
Smear substance onto paper bag
If see-thru, it contains lipids
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

16. Proteins
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

17. Proteins: Structure Proteins are made up of… Monomer (basic unit):
amino acids
20 different kinds!*
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

18. Proteins: Structure Polymer (chain of units): protein
More specifically- polypeptides
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds
dipeptide
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

19. Proteins: Structure* 20 Amino Acids:
Some of these are polar & hydrophilic, others are non-polar and hydrophobic. Proteins can contain both kinds.
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

20. AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?
Proteins: Structure
Proteins have complex structures. The shape of a protein determines its function!
The levels of protein structure are:
Primary structure: polypeptide chain
Secondary structure: polypeptides in coils or sheets
Tertiary structure: coils or sheets form a tangle
Quaternary structure: more than one tangle combine to make a very complex protein!

21. AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?
Proteins: Function
Build and repair muscle
and tissues
“No pain, no gain!”
Enzymes- proteins that speed up chemical reactions

22. Proteins: Food Sources
Proteins are found in meat, fish, legumes, nuts, milk, eggs, grains and soy products.
There are 6 amino acids that our bodies cannot make- we can only get these from food.
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

23. Proteins: Indicator Test
Biuret’s Solution:
Turns from blue to purple if protein is present
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

24. Carbohydrates
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

25. Carbohydrates: Structure
Carbohydrates are made up of…
Monomer (basic unit): simple sugars (or monosaccharides)
Ex.: glucose
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

26. Carbohydrates: Structure
Polymer (chain of units): complex carbohydrates (or polysaccharides)
Ex.: starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen
Disaccharide: 2 simple sugars bonded together
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

27. Carbohydrates: Function
Provide body with energy!
What should you eat before playing the big game? Candy bar or pasta?
Candy bar: contains simple sugars, provides a short burst of energy
Pasta: contains starch which takes longer to break down, provides longer-lasting energy
*We can’t digest cellulose- it is used as fiber, or roughage instead.
Ex. : corn
Complex carb (ex. Starch)
Broken down to disaccharides
Broken down further
Simple sugars (ex. Glucose)
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

28. Carbohydrates: Food Sources
Simple carbs (simple sugars) are found in most candy and sweet drinks, fruit, vegetables, and milk. They are quickly digested and give a short burst of energy.
Complex carbs (like starches) are found in pasta, bread, potatoes, legumes & corn. They take longer to digest, and provide energy longer.
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

29. Carbohydrates: Indicator Tests
Simple Sugars:
Benedict’s solution
Blue solution turns orange/green/brow n
Complex Carbs:
Lugol’s solution/Iodine
Turns from orange- red-brown to black- purple
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

30. Nucleic Acids
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

31. Nucleic Acids: Structure
Nucleic Acids are made up of…
Monomers (basic unit): nucleotides
Polymers (chain of units): DNA or RNA
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

32. Nucleic Acids: Function
Stores and carries genetic information
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

33. Nucleic Acids: Food Sources
We get nucleic acid components from vitamins and minerals in our diet. These in turn, come from fruits, vegetables, grains, meats, & almost anything else you can think of with some nutritional value (no junk food!).
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

34. Nucleic Acids: Indicator Test
You will not be using an indicator test for these but in case you’re wondering…
Dische diphenylamine test
Turns from clear-light blue
to dark blue if nucleic acids
are present
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

35. Digestion & Reconstruction
When macromolecules are eaten, they are digested and broken down into their subunits (monomers).
Analogy: taking apart an old brick building
Inside the cells, these subunits are reconstructed into the macromolecules we need.
Analogy: using bricks to build a new building
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?

36. Digestion Products Macromolecule eaten: Broken down in stomach to:
Carbohydrates
Simple sugars (i.e. glucose)
Lipids
Fatty acids & glycerol (glycerol further broken down to glucose)
Proteins
Amino acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
AIM: What are the structures of functions of each macromolecule?