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Carbohydrates!
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Structure Structure Function C, H, O/ 1:2:1 C6H12O6 (CH2O)x
many isomers Function ENERGY!!! Cell signaling Structural material
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Types of Carbs Monosaccharides - single monomer many isomers
Disaccharides – 2 monosaccharides **3-10 = oligosaccharides** Polysaccharide –100’s1,000’s monosaccharides sugar
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3 6 5 Classifying sugar Most names end in -ose Classified by # carbons
6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) H OH HO O Ribose CH2OH Glyceraldehyde H OH O C OH H HO CH2OH O Glucose 3 6 5
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Functional groups G3p in photosyn is a ketose – different structures, different functions
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Structure determines function!!!!
5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution What is the medium that makes up most cells? What do you notice about each carbon in the ring?
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energy stored in C-C bonds harvested in cellular respiration
Numbering! energy stored in C-C bonds harvested in cellular respiration C 6' C O 5' C C 4' 1' C C 3' 2'
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dehydration synthesis builds polymers
Saccharide Synthesis dehydration synthesis builds polymers H2O | glucose | glucose | maltose glycosidic linkage (C-O-C)
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Classified by composition & function
Polysaccharides Classified by composition & function homopolysaccharides – same monomer Ex: starch, glycogen (glucose) Heterosaccharides – different monomers Ex: hyaluronic acid (D-glucuronic acid & D-N-acetylglucosamine) found in connective tissue
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And by function… cell identity - glycoproteins have carb tail identifying each cell Energy storage – can be hydrolyzed to form ATP Starch (plants) Glycogen (animals) Structure – chains bind for support Cellulose (cell walls) Chitin (exoskeleton, fungi)
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Role of Shape starch energy storage glycogen slow release fast release
Glycogen’s highly branched form makes it more soluble and thus hydrolyzed faster glycogen fast release
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cellulose hard to digest only bacteria can digest
Starch vs. Cellulose starch easy to digest enzyme cellulose hard to digest enzyme only bacteria can digest
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Fight for Fiber!
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Providing Structure Chitin Peptidoglycan
Soluble fiber. This type of fiber dissolves in water to form a gel-like material. It can help lower blood cholesterol and glucose levels. Soluble fiber is found in oats, peas, beans, apples, citrus fruits, carrots, barley and psyllium. Insoluble fiber. This type of fiber promotes the movement of material through your digestive system and increases stool bulk, so it can be of benefit to those who struggle with constipation or irregular stools. Whole-wheat flour, wheat bran, nuts, beans and vegetables, such as cauliflower, green beans and potatoes, are good sources of insoluble fiber.
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