1. Some evidence for evolution

2. A. Direct Observation of Microevolution
Adaptation and Speciation
Natural Selection (many examples, a few covered previously)

3. B. The Fossil Record - gives us much information
stratification of fossils
dating of fossils, sediments
radiometric dating
fission track dating
electron spin resonance dating
thermoluminescence dating

4. Sedimentary Layers – The Grand Canyon

5. Fossil Crinoid Stems and Brachiopods

6. A Trilobite (Odontochile formosa) from Lower Devonian of the Kinglake district
(Source: Museum Victoria.)
(Trilobites lived from the Cambrian – Permian; 545 – 251 mya)

7. Geologic Time Scale

11. Fission Track Dating of Uranium

13. The fossil record yields…
transitional/intermediate forms, vertebrate examples
(see for in-depth treatment).
pageant of whale (e.g. transitional Ambulocetus), and horse evolution (Illustrated on the following slides.)
many hominid transitions (e.g. Australopithecus is transitional between Pan and Homo – we’ll study later)
Archaeopteryx, Confuciousornis, Protopteryx are transitional between reptiles and birds (Illustrated in a few slides.)
Eusthenopteron (fish) is linked to the early amphibian Icthyostega; Acanthostega
Genera such as Probainognathus, Probelesodon and Massetognathus (cynodonts) are transitional between reptiles and mammals

14. Biogeographical
Evidence coupled
to fossil record
hummingbirds
marsupials

15. Quick note on the phenotype
Vp = Vg + Ve + Vgxe
g e p
A ∙ M  X
B ∙ M  Y
A ∙ N  Y

16. Gradual versus punctuated evolution
Gradual change over time
Branching, punctuated change

19. Mesonychid – shared ancestry with whales

20. Ambulocetus

21. Rodhocetus, a predominantly aquatic whale from the Eocene (47 mya)

23. Vestigial pelvis and femur in modern whales

25. Many dinosaur bones have been found . . .
(Ultrasaurus)

26. Archaeopteryx

29. Comparative anatomy The Adult
Homology  having common ancestry but not necessarily retaining similarity of structure or function
The Adult
Examples:
Mammalian forelimbs (“hands”)
grasping hands of primates
digging hands of moles
locomotive hands of horses
paddles of porpoises
wings of bats
Vertebrate hindlimb structure

31. Hind Limb Structure in Vertebrates
Homo
sapiens

32. The Embryo

33. SHARED CHARACTERISTICS AMONG SPECIES
Bio-molecular Evidence
Protein evidence
Nucleic acid evidence
Others…
RELATIVE LEVEL OF
SHARED CHARACTERISTICS AMONG SPECIES

36. DNA Phylogeny

37. EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
Fossil Record
Comparative Anatomy (phenotype)
physiology, anatomy, behavior, etc…
Biogeographical
Biochemical