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Joints = Articulations
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Joints Articulations are where 2 or more bones meet.
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Classification of Joints
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Classified according to movement or function:
1. synarthroses - immovable ex: cranial bones, sutures
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2. amphiarthroses - slightly movable
ex: ribs with vertebrae
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diarthroses – freely movable ex: elbow, knee
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sutures - only between bones of the skull
a type of fibrous joint - joined by fibrous tissue
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Synovial Joints
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Synovial Joints articulating bones are separated by a fluid-filled cavity all are freely movable
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Synovial Joints Structure:
articular cartilage - smooth, hyaline joint cavity – fluid-filled space articular capsule - double fibrous membrane synovial fluid - prevents cartilage erosion, lubricates reinforcing ligaments
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Bursa - between bone and ligaments, muscle, skin, or tendons
- flattened fibrous sacs - prevents rubbing against bone
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tendons – connect muscle to bone, fibrous tissue
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ligaments – connect bone to bone, fibrous tissue
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Types of Synovial Joints
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hinge - single plane motion
ex: knee, elbow, fingers
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pivot – rotation ex: atlas and axis, radioulna
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saddle - move in 4 directions
ex: carpalmetacarpal of thumb only
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ball and socket - movement in all axis ex: shoulder, hip
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Plane or gliding joints movement limited, either up and down or left and right
ex: sternum and clavicle, between vertebrae, carpals, tarsals
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condyloid – angular motion ex: knuckles
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Types of Synovial Joints
hinge - single plane motion, ex: knee, elbow, fingers pivot - rotation, ex: atlas and axis, radioulna saddle - move in 4 directions, ex: carpalmetacarpal of thumb only ball and socket - movement in all axis, ex: shoulder, hip plane/ gliding joints - movement limited, either up/down or left/right, ex: sternum/ clavicle, between vertebrae, carpals, tarsals condyloid - angular motion, ex: knuckles
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Types of Angular Movements
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flexion - decreases angle, brings bones together
dorsiflexion - foot up (toes up)
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extension - increases angle
hyperextension - beyond upright position (head), exception knee towards back of body
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abduction - away from midline
adduction - toward midline
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circumduction - distal end moves in circle, throwing a baseball
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rotation - around own axis, turning head
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Types of Angular Movements
flexion - decreases angle, brings bones together dorsiflexion - foot up (toes up) extension - increases angle hyperextension - beyond upright position (head), exception knee towards back of body abduction - away from midline adduction - toward midline circumduction - distal end moves in circle, throwing a baseball rotation - around own axis, turning head
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Joint Injuries
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Sprains ligaments stretched or torn
heals slowly because of poor vascularity if completely torn, must be repaired surgically
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Dislocations when bones are forced out of normal position of joint cavity bone ends must be reduced (realigned) like a fracture
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Cartilage Injuries most are tearing of knee menisci from fall or severe twisting cartilage is avascular and will not be able to repair itself
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arthroscopy allows surgeon to view interior of joint through small incision
damaged cartilage is removed, ligament repaired does not severely impair movement but joint less stable
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