1. Plant Cell and Anatomy
AICE Biology

2. Characteristics of Monocots

3. Characteristics of Dicots

4. Plant tissues Dermal Vascular Ground “skin” of plant
single layer of tightly packed cells that covers & protects plant
Vascular
transport materials between roots & shoots
xylem & phloem
Ground
everything else: storage, photosynthetic
bulk of plant tissue

5. Plant cell types in tissues

6. Plant cell types in tissues
Those would’ve been great names
for my kids!
Parenchyma
“typical” plant cells = least specialized
photosynthetic cells, storage cells
tissue of leaves, stem, fruit, storage roots
Collenchyma
unevenly thickened primary walls = support
Sclerenchyma
very thick, “woody” secondary walls = support
rigid cells that can’t elongate
dead at functional maturity

7. Parenchyma
Parenchyma cells are relatively unspecialized, thin, flexible & carry out many metabolic functions
all types of cells develop from parenchyma

8. Collenchyma
Collenchyma cells have thicker primary walls & provide support
help support without restraining growth
remain alive in maturity

9. Sclerenchyma Thick, rigid cell wall Support cells lignin (wood)
cannot elongate
mostly dead at maturity
Support cells
xylem vessels
tracheids
fibers
rope fibers
sclereids
nutshells
seed coats
grittiness in pears

10. Vascular tissue Transports materials in roots, stems & leaves Xylem
carry water & minerals up from roots
tube-shaped dead cells
only their walls provide a system of microscopic water pipes
Phloem
carry nutrients throughout plant
sugars (sucrose), amino acids…
tube-shaped living cells

11. Xylem vessel elements tracheids dead cells 
water-conducting cells of xylem

12. Xylem Dead at functional maturity Cell elongated into tubes tracheids
Aaaaah…
Structure-Function
again!
Dead at functional maturity
Cell elongated into tubes
tracheids
long, thin cells with tapered ends
walls reinforced with lignin = support
thinner pits in end walls allows water flow
vessel elements
wider, shorter, thinner walled & less tapered
perforated ends walls allows free water flow

13. Phloem: food-conducting cells
sieve tube elements & companion cells

14. Phloem: food-conducting cells
sieve tube elements & companion cells

15. Phloem Living cells at functional maturity Cells
Aaaaah…
Structure-Function
again!
Living cells at functional maturity
lack nucleus, ribosomes & vacuole
more room: specialized for liquid food (sucrose) transport
Cells
sieve tubes
end walls, sieve plates, have pores to facilitate flow of fluid between cells
companion cells
nucleated cells connected to the sieve-tube
help sieve tubes

16. Phloem
sieve plate
sieve
tubes

17. Vascular tissue in herbaceous stems
dicot
trees & shrubs
monocot
grasses & lilies

18. Root structure: monocot

19. A- B- C- D- E- F- G- H- epidermis cortex stele phloem xylem endodermis
root hair
epidermis
cortex
stele
phloem
xylem
endodermis
pericycle
What is it???
Dicot Root

21. Root structure: dicot
phloem
xylem

22. What is it? I- J- K- L- M- N- O- P- Q- Leaf cross section Cuticle
epidermis (upper)
palisade mesophyll
spongy mesophyll
lower epidermis
guard cells
stoma
air space
chloroplast I- J- K- L- M- N- O- P- Q-

24. Fibers

25. What is it? Dicot stem R – epidermis S – vascular bundle T – xylem
U – phloem
V – pith
W – collenchyma tissue
X – parenchyma tissue
Y - fibers
Z - cortex

26. Collenchyma

27. What is it? Leaf transverse plan diagram 1 – palisade mesophyll
2 – spongy mesophyll
3 – cuticle
4 – upper epidermis
5 –collenchyma
6 - xylem
7 – phloem
8 – compact parenchyma
9 – parenchyma
10 – collenchyma
11 – lower epidermis