1. Cell Structure & Function

2. Cell Theory All living things are made of cells.
Cells are the smallest units of life.
All cells come from other cells.
Cells need energy.
Cells have DNA that passes to offspring.
Cells are made of the same four macromolecules

3. Cell Theory Scientists
Hooke – named cells; viewed “cork” under a microscope
Leeuwenhook – saw living cells and called them “animalcules”
Schwann – concluded that all animals were made of cells
Schleiden – concluded that all plants were made of cells
Virchow – determined that cells only came from pre-existing cells

4. Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell

5. Cell Types
Prokaryotes – tiny, simple cells with NO nucleus; always single celled; example: ONLY bacteria
Eukaryotes – slightly larger, more complex cells that DO contain a nucleus/organelles; two types (plant and animal); can be single OR multicellular; example: dog, human, tree, (anything living except bacteria)

6. Prokaryotic Cells/Prokaryotes

7. Eukaryotic Cells/Eukaryotes
Plant

8. Eukaryotic Cells/Eukaryotes
Animal

9. Identifying Cell Types
If it does not have a nucleus, it is a prokaryote. PRO = NO
If it has a nucleus, it is a eukaryote. EU = DO
Plant cells are always boxy shaped.
Animal cells are usually round, but can be any shape. They are never boxy.

10. In this picture, the black dots are bacteria (prokaryotic cells- too small for a nucleus), the yeast cells are eukaryotes (notice the nucleus) and the scoby is a multicellular fungus. Notice the size differences.

11. Cell Parts Some of these parts are in ALL cells, but most are only in Eukaryotes.

12. Cell Membrane ALL cells
Outer layer of cells; controls what comes in/out
Hydrophobic phospholipid bilayer

13. Cell Wall
Only Eukaryote Plants and some Prokaryotes (never animal cells)
Extra outer layer for support/structure

14. Cytoplasm
All cells
Jelly like substance that fills the cell; site of some chemical reactions

15. Nucleus Only Eukaryotes
Contains DNA and RNA (instructions) to control the cell
Surrounded by a nuclear membrane, so the DNA can’t leave (but RNA can)

16. Nucleolus Eukaryotes Only
Dark area inside the nucleus where ribosomes are made from RNA

17. Ribosomes All Cells Make proteins
Found on Rough ER or floating throughout the cell

18. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Eukaryotes only
Assembles and moves material around within the cell
Rough: proteins, covered in ribosomes
Smooth: lipids, no ribosomes

19. Golgi
Eukaryotes Only
Package and move materials in or out of the cell (like UPS)
Packages are called “vesicles”

20. Lysosome Eukaryotes only
Digests or destroys anything needed using enzymes (food, old cell parts, viruses, etc)

21. Vacuoles Eukaryotes only Storage
Very large in plant cells for water storage

22. Mitochondria Endosymbiotic Theory Eukaryotes Only
Breaks down sugar to produce cell energy (ATP) through respiration
Used to be a free-living prokaryote
Evidence: same size as bacteria, contains its own circular DNA
Endosymbiotic Theory

23. Chloroplast Eukaryotic plants only
Site of photosynthesis (using sunlight to make sugar) using green chlorophyll
Used to be a free-living prokaryote like the mitochondria

24. Centriole/Centrosome
Eukaryotic Animal Cells ONLY
Helps with cell division

25. Cytoskeleton
Eukaryotic Cells only
Inner support

26. Cell Movement All Cells Cell or material movement Cilia = hairs
Flagella = tail(s)

27. Group Project – The ____ is like a _____, because _______.
Make analogies for the following organelles
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi
vacuole
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Chloroplast
Centriole
Cell membrane
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Cell wall