1. Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
Cellular Energy
Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

2. The Need for Energy _________________ Production of proteins Movement
Active transport
_________________
Cell division
Energy is stored in the ATP molecule
ATP: adenosine triphosphate
Made up of adenosine + 3 phosphate groups

3. High-energy bond: Stores much energy
Phosphate
Phosphate
Adenosine
Phosphate
ATP
High-energy bond: Stores much energy
*This energy is released when the bond is broken*
Adenosine
Phosphate
Energy
ADP

4. ADP: Adenosine diphosphate
Cells recycle the ADP to make new ATP to store more energy for future use
Many proteins have spots where ATP attaches to provide energy for the protein to do its job, then the ADP is released for recycling

5. Photosynthesis
Process that uses the sun’s energy to make ________
Carried out by green plants and some bacteria
Purpose is to trap sun’s energy and store it as glucose (food for the plant)
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast
glucose

6. Structure of the chloroplast:
__________: Space inside the chloroplast
Stroma
___________: Green disk in the chloroplast
Thylakoid
__________: Stack of green thylakoids
Granum

7. Thylakoids are green because they contain chlorophyll
Chlorophyll: green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy
_________: light-absorbing compound
Chemical equation for photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Pigment

8. Steps of photosynthesis
Light reaction (Light-dependent reaction)
First step of photosynthesis that traps sunlight and makes electrons and ATP to run the dark reaction
Water is _____ and oxygen is released as a by product
split

9. Dark reaction or ___________ (Light-independent reaction) Calvin Cycle
Second step of photosynthesis that uses ATP and electrons from the light reaction and carbon dioxide from the air to make glucose
Calvin Cycle

10. Photosynthesis Step 1: Light Reaction – occurs in the thylakoids inside the chloroplast
Chlorophyll in the thylakoids 1a 1c e-
Electron transport chain
Oxygen 1b 1d e-
NADPH
ATP
Water

11. 1a. Light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll
1c. Electrons jump out of the chlorophyll atoms
1b. _________: Water is broken down into oxygen (given off by plant) and electrons (replace lost electrons in chlorophyll). These electrons recharge the system so the light reaction can happen again.
Photolysis
1d. Electrons move down the electron transport chain (series of proteins that pass the electrons along). Electrons are caught by the NADPH compound. ATP is made.

12. Photosynthesis Step 2: Dark Reaction (Calvin Cycle) – Occurs in the _______
Stroma

13. PGAL
Calvin Cycle
ATP e-
NADPH
2 PGAL = _ glucose
2a. Electrons and ATP from light reaction get dumped into the Calvin Cycle to run it
CO2 from the air 1

14. 2b. Calvin Cycle: Series of steps that build up compounds using carbon dioxide from the air
2c. PGAL compound sometimes leaves the cycle. 2 PGAL compounds added together make 1 glucose.

15. Cellular Respiration
The process by which mitochondria break down glucose to make ATP
Two types
Aerobic respiration: requires _______ and carried out by plants, animals, and some bacteria
Anaerobic respiration: requires no _______ and carried out by yeast, some bacteria, and sometimes animals
oxygen
oxygen

16. Chemical equation for aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + chemical energy

17. Makes energy for the cell through aerobic respiration
Some of aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria (plural of mitochondrion)
Makes energy for the cell through aerobic respiration
Structure of a mitochondrion
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Cristae
______: Fold in the inner membrane

18. Steps of aerobic respiration
_________: First step breaks down glucose into pyruvate
(Intermediate step: Change pyruvate to acetyl CoA)
_______________: Second step uses the acetyl CoA to make electrons for the last step
____________________: Third step uses the electrons to make a lot of ATP
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

19. Step 1: Glycolysis – Occurs in the cytoplasm
Pyruvate
ATP
Enzymes
Glucose
ATP

20. Step 1: Glycolysis – Occurs in the cytoplasm
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA

21. Step 2: Citric Acid Cycle (________ ____) – Occurs in the mitochondria
Krebs
Cycle
Citric acid
Citric Acid Cycle
Acetyl CoA
ATP e-
NADH

22. Step 3: Electron Transport Chain – Occurs in the mitochondria

23. NADH e- e- e- e-
Electron
transport
chain e-
Made in Step 2 32
ATP
Electrons move down the electron transport chain (series of proteins that pass the electrons along). Electrons are caught by oxygen to make water. 32 ATP are made. e-
Oxygen we breathe
We use for energy
Water

24. ATP Totals for aerobic respiration:
Glycolysis – 2 ATP
Citric Acid Cycle – 2 ATP
Electron Transport Chain – 32 ATP
1 Glucose = ___ ATP in all for aerobic respiration 36

25. Photosynthesis
__________
* use sunlight to make glucose
* take in carbon dioxide
* give off oxygen
*carbon dioxide + water + sunlight  glucose + oxygen
Respiration
_________________
* eat plants to get glucose
* take in oxygen
* give off carbon dioxide
*glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + ATP
Animals and Plants
Plants

26. Anaerobic respiration (requires no oxygen)
Also called ___________
2 types: ________ fermentation and _________ fermentation
Only 4 ATP are made in anaerobic respiration so it is not as good as aerobic respiration (36 ATP)
Both begin with glycolysis
No citric acid cycle or electron transport chain
fermentation
alcoholic
lactic acid

27. Glucose  pyruvate + 2 ATP
Glycolysis
Glucose  pyruvate + 2 ATP
Only 2 ATP are made in anaerobic respiration so it is not as good as aerobic respiration (36 ATP)
Alcoholic fermentation
Pyruvate  ethyl alcohol +
carbon dioxide
Lactic acid fermentation
Pyruvate  lactic acid
Carried out by your muscles when you’re exercising hard (need ATP) and can’t get oxygen into you fast enough (can’t do aerobic respiration)
Causes muscle cramps and soreness
Carried out by yeast and some bacteria
Used in brewing beer, making wine, and baking bread and cakes