1. Photosynthesis
Chapter 8

2. Without the ability to obtain and use energy, life would cease to exist

3. Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Plants and other types of organisms are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food.
Other animals such as heterotrophs obtain energy directly by eating other animals or the plants themselves.

4. Chemical energy and ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate: principal chemical compounds that cells use to store and release energy.
Consists of adenine, a 5- carbon sugar called ribose, and three phosphate groups

6. Energy Storage Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
compound looks almost like ATP except that it has two phosphate groups instead of three.
Store ADP and adds a phosphate group to it when needed = ATP

7. Releasing Energy
Breaking the chemical bond between the second and third phosphates, it is released
Has enough energy to power a variety of cellular activities
including active transport, protein synthesis, and muscle contraction

8. Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery
Section 8-1
ADP
ATP
Energy
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partially
charged
battery
Fully
charged
battery

9. Van Helmont’s Experiment
Devised an experiment to find out if plants grew by taking material out of the soil.
Determined the mass of a pot of dry soil and a small seedling
Then planted it
Mass of the soil was unchanged
Concluded: mass came from water

10. Priestley's Experiment
Took a candle, placed a glass jar over it and watched as the flame gradually died out
Found out if he placed a live sprig of mint under the jar and allowed a few days to pass, the candle could be relighted and would remain lighted for a while
Mint plant had produced the substance required for burning

12. Jan Ingenhousz
showed that the effect observed by Priestley occurred only when the plant was exposed to light.

13. Photosynthesis Equation
6CO2+ 6H2O --C6H12O6 + 6O2
Uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high- energy sugars and oxygen

14. CO2 + H2O Sugars + O2 Photosynthesis: Reactants and Products
Section 8-2
Light Energy
Chloroplast
CO2 + H2O
Sugars + O2

15. Light and Pigments Requires light and chlorophyll
Sunlight is a mixture of different wavelengths of light
Visible spectrum: wavelengths that are visible to your eyes
Pigments: light absorbing molecules
Two main types of chlorophyll
Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b

16. Chlorophyll
Absorbs light well in the blue- violet region and red regions
Does not absorb light well in the green region of the spectrum
Also contain red and orange pigments such as carotene

17. Inside a Chloroplast Thylakoids: saclike photosynthetic membranes
Stroma: liquid region outside the thylakoid membrane
Reactions have two parts:
light dependent
light independent

19. Electron Transport NADP+: accepts and holds 2 high energy electrons
Converts NADP+ to NADPH

20. Light Dependent Reactions
Require light
produces ATP and NADPH

21. Process Chlorophyll absorbs light.
Light energy is absorbed by electrons, increasing energy level
Water is split into two H+ and Oxygen is released into the air
NADP+ carries Hydrogen into the Calvin cycle
ATP is made

22. Light Independent Reaction
Calvin Cycle: uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars
Does not require light

23. Process carbon dioxide molecules enter the cycle from the atmosphere
Carbon molecules are then converted into higher-energy forms called glucose
ATP used
2 of the carbon molecules are removed from the cycle for use in the plant

24. 5. the remaining carbon molecules are cycled back to start the next cycle