1. Day 5 – Collapse of Imperial China
Enduring Understandings
International conflict often leads to domestic changes.
3. In times of crisis, people often turn to strong leaders in search of stability.
4. Aggression will typically continue until it is stopped by force or the threat of force.
5. Conflicts of the 20th Century were rooted in political and ideological differences around the world.
Day 5 – Collapse of Imperial China
and review of Stalin
10. Why did the Chinese Qing Empire fall to the Kuomintung of Sun Yixian? Identify similarities and differences between the fall of monarchy in China and the fall of monarchy in Russia and France.
11. Describe the ways the Kuomintung was different from the Chinese Communist Party. Why would these differences later lead to significant public support for the Communsits led by Mao Zedong?
12. Create a chart highlighting the differences and similarities between the Soviet Communists and the Chinese Communists.
13. What was the Long March and why was it important?

2. …From Revolution to Civil War
Day 5 – Collapse of Imperial China
…From Revolution to Civil War

3. Day 5 – Collapse of Imperial China
“Without a revolutionary theory there cannot be a revolutionary movement.”
V. Lenin

4. Day 5 – Collapse of Imperial China
You say you want a revolution Well, you know We all want to change the world J. Lennon

5. Day 5 – Collapse of Imperial China
"Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.“ Mao Zedong

6. Day 5 – Collapse of Imperial China
and review of Stalin
Analyze the cartoons of the 7 key traits of totalitarianism with Stalin as the central figure of the cartoon. On a notecard write the 7 traits and the number of the cartoon that best depicts it, add one example from 1984.
What would have happened to the cartoonist if it were published in the Soviet Union?
Complete page 16 to compare Russian Revolution to the French Revolution.
Imperial China falls to Nationalists and Civil War – Complete page 17 to understand the events of the first part of the Chinese Civil War and the fall of Imperial China
Complete geography skills – The Long March page 18 to understand how geography can help you to understand historical events
Read page 19 to understand the connection between Mao and the Chinese peasants.

7. Reign of Terror during French Revolution
Stalin the Dictator
Used police terror to crush all opposition
Launched Great Purge – similar to -
Campaign of terror designed to eliminate anyone who threatened his power
Stalin turns against members of the Communist Party; kills thousands of old Bolsheviks who helped stage the revolution
Used indoctrination and art to glorify the Communist state
Censored potential political enemies
Religious persecution (Russian Orthodox Church)
Aimed to replace religious teachings with ideals of communism
Destroyed churches/synagogues, killed religious leaders
Reign of Terror during French Revolution

8. Comparing Revolutions
Russian Revolution similar to that of the French Revolution
Russian 1905 Revolution brought in the Duma, permitted by Czar Nicholas, then dissolved by Czar 10 weeks later
Russian March 1917 revolution saw the return of the Duma and creation of the Provisionary Government of Kerensky in response to the military and economic problems
Peasants (most of population) and urban workers (very few) were very angry. But intelligentsia led the Bolsheviks who led the revolution.
Original goal was to create equality and rights for the masses abused by an autocratic absolute monarch. The method of control resulted in violating the very principles the revolutionary ideology promoted
Two similarities – 1st - Civil War between Bolsheviks and coalition of Mensheviks, monarchists and aristocracy. 2nd - When Lenin died, the two main factions of Communists competed, with Stalin beating Trotsky for power.
Used violence and terror to control people – but people liked Stalin who brought them stability, jobs, growth and strength

9. Collapse of Imperial China
1. The Qing Dynasty, the last of the ruling Chinese dynasties, collapsed in 1911 under the weight of:
Causes:
foreign imperialism,
inept government,
Backward and lacking modernity
nationalism for a stronger, independent China.
Economic difficulties
Conflict among competing warlords
Effects: Republic of China under Kuomintang of Sun Yixian created
2. SunYixian gives authority to Yuan Shikai
Causes: Sun is a weak, the bureaucracy inept and warlords want power
Effects:
Yuan attempted to become a dictator – violating the democratic principles of Sun Yixian’s revolution.
Further civil war amongst warlords
Public infrastructure fell into disrepair.

10. Collapse of Imperial China
3. The May Fourth Movement: Popular nationalist demonstrations involving workers, intellectuals, professionals, small bourgeoisie
Caused by: Outrage over Treaty of Versailles that gave parts of China to Japan
Effects:
Lots of people supported Chinese nationalism
Many young educated Chinese turned away form Western-style modernization and adopted Marxist-Leninist beliefs
Chinese Communist Party is created by 1921
4. After Sun Yixian dies, Jiang Jieshi takes over the Kuomintang, gets support from the Soviet Union and joins forces with the Communists to unify China. By 1927, Jiang Jieshi’s army takes Shanghai
Cause: fear by Kuomintang that the Communists would take over and create a socialist system (Jiang had lots of support and friends among the wealthy)
Effects: Shanghai massacre of Communists, communists were very angry, Britain and US recognizes Jiang’s Republic of China.
beginning the first Chinese Civil War in Shanghai

11. Collapse of Imperial China
The Long March
Causes – Communists were attacked by Kuomintang and had to retreat to save themselves
Effects – Mao Zedong became the acknowledged leader of the Communist party,
The communists became a very disciplined party
More and more peasants supported the communists
Communists paid for produce they took
Redistributed land to poor peasants
Did not participate in corruption like Jiang’s Kuomintang.
Japan invades Manchuria (northeastern part of China)
Causes –
Japan wanted natural resources,
Japanese imperialism,
China was weak and almost defenseless
Effects – China civil war stops – 2nd United Front to save China from Japan – hundreds of thousands of Chinese die, farmland destroyed

12. Post Dynasty Leaders of China
2 - Jiang Jieshi
1 - Sun Yixian
3 - Mao Zedong

13. The Long March

14. Mao Zedong
The Nationalist were winning the war until the second Sino-Japanese war broke out, actually the start of WWII in Asia. Mao approached the Nationalists and proposes a cease fire and for the two sides to join in the fight against Japan. Good Plan. Mao received aid from the USA. During the era of WWII the communist party in China grew considerably. At the conclusion of WWII, the Communist and the Nationalist resumed their civil war. The Communist eventually prevailed, paving the way for the creation of a Communist China.

15. Gandhi
Gandhi was the preeminent political and spiritual leader of the Indian Independence movement. Gandhi led the campaign to rid India of British rule.
He relied on peaceful methods to achieve his goals. His trademark approach to protest was known as Satyagraha- “resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience firmly founded on Non- Violence”.
Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity increasing economic self-reliance, but above all achieving Swaraj—the independence of India from foreign domination.

16. Gandhi
Growth of Indian Nationalism catapults Gandhi to the forefront of the Indian Independence Movement. Key events cause Indian unity and anger towards British: * WWI- unfulfilled promise of Freedom. * Rowlatt Act- Prison for protestors up to 2 years for with no trial. *Amristar Massacre- 10,000 Indians come to protest, unaware that it is illegal. Brits think the crowd has gathered as a defiant act, open fire- kill 400, wound 1,200. Indians revolt. Gandhi’s most memorable protest was known as the “Salt March”. In 1930 march was held to defy the Salt Acts. 230 mile march to the Sea to make own salt. 60,000 people put in Jail.

17. Gandhi

18. Gandhi

19. Gandhi
Gandhi’s efforts result initially in the Government of India Act of 1935, which establishes “Self Rule” for India. Not full independence. India would remain part of the British Empire as a “Dominion of the Crown” until January 26, 1950.

20. Rise of Fascism
The late 1920’s and 1930’s an extreme form of government came into existence known as Fascism. Fascism is any form of authoritarian government that is not communist. Fascism was a term created by Mussolini, derived from the Latin term “Fasces”~ meaning “Bundle of Sticks”. A bundle of sticks wrapped around an axe became the symbol of the Fascist party in Italy.

21. Rise of Fascism
Basic Features of Fascism- 1. Extreme Nationalism 2. Glorify Action, obedience, discipline 3. Loyalty to State Unquestioned 4. Anti-Democratic (greed/corruption) 5. Aggressive Expansion 6. Censorship 7. Control of Economy 8. Use of Legalized Terror Where is Fascism on the Political Spectrum?

22. Rise of Fascism
The Economic Despair of Post WWI Europe enables Fascist leaders like Mussolini and Hitler to rise to power. Both the German People and the Italian people blame the Treaty of Versailles for their problems. Why?

23. Rise of Fascism
Benito Mussolini- Mussolini came to power in an age of chaos and discontent in Italy. High unemployment, weak government, floundering economy. Mussolini was a fiery speaker. He creates the Fascists party calling upon discontented veterans and youths to support his objectives. Promises order. Seizing Power- through his terror organization “The Black Shirts”, he organizes attacks on unions, socialists and other elements of society that threaten his rise to power.

24. Rise of Fascism
Benito appeals much of Italy. Focuses on national pride- restoring the glory of the Roman empire. In October of 1922, Mussolini is appointed Prime Minister by King Victor Emmanuel III. Hitler will follow this model for his rise to power, and in fact meets with Mussolini during his rise to power. Mussolini proclaims himself “Il Duce”- “the leader”. He limits the press, fixes elections, uses secret police, exiles and prisons.

25. Benito Mussolini

26. Rise of Fascism
Economic Policy- Preserved Capitalism, but with Government control of Business, Labor, Agriculture, Trade and Culture. Social Policies- Absolute Obedience to State Women, pushed from jobs- place is in the home having babies Patriotism- Extreme Nationalism Strict Discipline Fascist Youth- teach the values of a fascist society~ indoctrination

27. HITLER AND THE RISE OF NAZI GERMANY
Rise of Fascism
HITLER AND THE RISE OF NAZI GERMANY
Struggles of the Weimar Republic
a. Germany’s first experiment in Democracy, is blamed for all the troubles plaguing Germany- economic depression, having to observe the terms of the treaty of Versailles, etc.
b. Structure of Government-
i. Parliament/ Legislative Branch- The Reichstag
ii. Executive Branch- 2 positions- President and Chancellor
C. Unrest and Downfall of the Weimer Republic-
i. Mired in Inflation and economic depression
- Reparations, Dawes Plan, Great Depression
ii. Treaty of Versailles hated by all Germans
iii. Jewish People become scapegoats for Germany’s troubles

28. Rise of Fascism
To be completed.