1. Welcome Back
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2. Welcome Back
Time for Any Question
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3. CHAPTER # 06
REVIEW
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4. Chapter 06 Variable Costing and
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5. Variable Costing and Analysis
Chapter 06
Variable Costing and Analysis
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6. Compute unit cost under both absorption and variable costing.
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7. Absorption Costing & Variable Costing
Absorption costing (also called full costing), assumes that products absorb all costs incurred to produce them.
While widely used for financial reporting (GAAP), this costing method can result in misleading product cost information for managers’ business decisions.
Absorption costing (also called full costing), assumes that products absorb all costs incurred to produce them. While widely used for financial reporting (GAAP), this costing method can result in misleading product cost information for managers’ business decisions.
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8. Absorption Costing & Variable Costing
Under variable costing, only costs
that change in total with changes in
production level are included in
product costs.
Under variable costing, only costs that change in total with changes in production level are included in product costs. They consist of direct materials, direct labor, and variable overhead.
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9. Distinguishing between Absorption Costing and Variable Costing: Absorption Costing
Direct Materials
Direct Labor
Variable Overhead
Fixed
Overhead
Product costs generally consists of direct materials, direct labor, and overhead. Costs of both direct materials and direct labor usually are easily traced to specific products. Overhead costs, however, must be allocated to products because they cannot be traced to product units. Under absorption costing, all overhead costs, both fixed and variable, are allocated to products as the diagram on this slide shows.
Product Cost
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10. Distinguishing between Absorption Costing and Variable Costing: Variable Costing
Direct Materials
Direct Labor
Variable Overhead
Fixed Overhead
Under variable costing, the costs of direct materials and direct labor are also traced to products, but only variable overhead costs (not fixed overhead) are allocated to products. Fixed overhead costs are treated as period costs and are reported as an expense immediately in the period in which they are incurred.
Product Cost
Period Cost
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11. Difference between Absorption Costing and Variable Costing: Computing Unit Cost
Let’s look at Ice Age, a skate manufacturer, to help us to understand the difference between absorption and variable costing. In Exhibit 6.2 we can see the product cost data for the company. Direct material cost per unit is $4. Direct labor cost is $8. The overhead is split between variable and fixed. The total units that IceAge expects to manufacture this period is 60,000 units. Keep your eye on the fixed overhead of $600,000 …that is the key difference between absorption costing and variable costing…The next slide will depict how the two different costing methods treats fixed overhead…
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12. Difference between Absorption Costing and Variable Costing: Computing Unit Cost
Variable OH cost per unit:
$180,000/ 60,000 units = $3/unit
Fixed OH cost per unit:
$600,000/ 60,000 units = $10/unit
Exhibit 6.3 shows the product unit cost computations for both absorption and variable costing. For absorption costing, the product unit cost is $25, which consists of $4 in direct materials, $8 in direct labor, $3 in variable overhead ($180,000/60,000 units), and $10 in fixed overhead ($600,000/60,000 units).
For variable costing, the product unit cost is $15, which consists of $4 in direct materials, $8 in direct labor, and $3 in variable overhead. Fixed overhead costs of $600,000 are treated as a period cost and are recorded as an expense in the period incurred. The difference between the two costing methods is the exclusion of fixed overhead from product costs for variable costing.
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13. NEED-TO-KNOW A manufacturer reports the following data. P 1
Direct materials 
$6.00
 per unit
Direct labor
$14.00
 per unit
Overhead costs:
Variable overhead
$220,000
 per year
$220,000 / 20,000 units = $11 per unit
Fixed overhead
$680,000
 per year
$680,000 / 20,000 units = $34 per unit
Expected units produced
20,000
 units
1) Compute the total product cost per unit under absorption costing.
2) Compute the total product cost per unit under variable costing.
$6.00
$6.00
$14.00
$14.00
Need-to-Know 6.1
A manufacturer reports the following data. Compute the total product cost per unit under absorption costing.
Under absorption costing, the product cost includes all manufacturing costs:
Direct materials, $6 per unit; Direct labor, $14 per unit; Variable overhead, $220,000 divided by 20,000
units, $11 per unit; and Fixed overhead, $680,000 divided by 20,000 units produced, $34 per unit.
The total cost per unit under absorption costing is $65.
Compute the total product cost per unit under variable costing.
Under variable costing, the product cost includes only the variable manufacturing costs:
Direct materials, $6 per unit; Direct labor, $14 per unit; and Variable overhead, $11 per unit.
The total cost per unit under variable costing is $31.
Fixed overhead of $680,000 is expensed in the current period.
$31.00 per unit
$11.00
$11.00
$65.00 per unit
$34.00
$34.00
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14. Prepare and analyze an income statement using absorption costing and using variable costing.
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15. Analysis of Income Reporting for Both Absorption and Variable Costing
Now let’s look at how variable and absorption costing determine income. Assume that Ice Age’s variable costs per unit are constant and that its annual fixed costs remain unchanged during the three-year period 2013 through Let’s assume that its sales price was a constant $40 per unit over this time period.
We see that the units produced equal those sold for 2013, but exceed those sold for 2013, and are less than those sold for 2015.
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16. Analysis of Income Reporting for Absorption Costing: Units Produced Equal Units Sold
Notice that the net income is $580,000
Exhibit 6.4 is split and is shown on two slides. This slide shows the absorption costing income statement, and expenses are grouped according to function.
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17. Analysis of Income Reporting for Variable Costing: Units Produced Equal Units Sold
We can see that the income under variable costing is also $580,000. This is because the number of units produced are equal to the number of units sold.
This slide shows the variable costing income statement. This format is referred to as the contribution margin income statement with expenses grouped according to cost behavior. As was seen on the previous slide that depicted absorption costing, the net income is also $580,000. This is because when the quantity produced equals the quantity sold, the net income amounts will be identical under both the absorption and variable costing methods.
A performance report that excludes fixed expenses and net income is a contribution margin report. It’s bottom line is contribution margin. Let’s take a look at one on the next slide.
A performance report that excludes fixed expenses and net income is a contribution margin report. It’s bottom line is contribution margin.
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18. Analysis of Income Reporting for Both Absorption and Variable Costing: Units Produced Equal Units Sold
Exhibit 6.5 reorganizes the information from Exhibit 6.4 to show the assignment of costs to different expenses and assets under both absorption costing and variable costing. When quantity produced equals quantity sold, there is no difference in total expenses reported on the income statement. Yet, there is a difference in what categories receive those costs. Absorption costing assigns $1,500,000 to cost of goods sold compared to $900,000 for variable costing. The $600,000 of fixed overhead difference is a period cost for variable costing.
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19. Analysis of Income Reporting for Absorption Costing: Units Produced Exceed Units Sold
Using absorption costing there will still be 20,000 units in ending inventory but the net income reported in 2014 will be $200,000 higher. The cause of this $200,000 difference rests with the different treatment of fixed overhead under the two costing methods. Let’s investigate this further.
Income for 2014 is $320,000
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20. Analysis of Income Reporting for Variable Costing: Units Produced Exceed Units Sold
Under variable costing, the net income is only $120,000
This slide shows the variable costing income statement for 2014 that we saw earlier in the presentation.
Under variable costing, the net income was $120,000, which is $200,000 less than under absorption costing. As mentioned on a previous slide, the cause of this $200,000 difference rests with the treatment of fixed overhead under the two costing methods.
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21. Analysis of Income Reporting for Absorption Costing: Units Produced Are Less Than Units Sold
By now you should be able to predict what will happen if units produced are less than units sold. let’s look at IceAge’s 2015 income statement under absorption costing where the units produced are less than the units sold. In 2015, IceAge produced 60,000 units and sold 80,000 units. Thus, IceAge produced 20,000 units fewer than it sold. This means the company sold all that it produced during the period and it sold all of its beginning finished goods inventory as well.
Income is now $840,000
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22. Analysis of Income Reporting for Variable Costing: Units Produced Are Less Than Units Sold
IceAge’s income reported for 2015 under variable costing is $200,000 more than that under absorption costing. The income statements reveal that income is $840,000 under absorption costing, but it is $1,040,000 under variable costing.
The cause of this $200,000 difference lies with the treatment of fixed overhead. Beginning inventory in 2015 under absorption costing included $200,000 of fixed overhead cost incurred in 2014 but is assigned to cost of goods sold in 2015 under absorption costing.
Income under variable costing is $1,040,000
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23. Summarizing Income Reporting
Let’s look at a summary of IceAge’s income over the last three years under both absorption and variable costing. Income reported under both variable costing and absorption costing for the period 2013 through 2015 for IceAge is summarized in Exhibit We see that total income is $1,740,000 for this time period underboth methods. Further, income under absorption costing and that under variable costing differ whenever the quantity produced and the quantity sold differ. These differences are due to the different timing with which fixed overhead costs are reported in income under the two methods. Specifically, income under absorption costing is higher when more units are produced relative to sales, and is lower when fewer units are produced than are sold. In our illustration using IceAge, the total number of units produced over was exactly equal to the number of units sold over that period. This meant that the difference between absorption costing income and variable costing income for the total three-year period is zero. In reality, it is unusual for production and sales quantities to exactly equal each other over such a short period of time. This means that we normally will continue to see differences in income for these two methods extending over several years.
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24. NEED-TO-KNOW
Zbest Manufacturing reports the following costing data for the current year. 20,000 units were produced, and 14,000 units were sold.
Direct materials per unit $6
per unit
Direct labor per unit
$11
per unit
Variable overhead per unit $3
per unit
Fixed overhead for the year
$680,000
per year
Sales price
$80
per unit
Variable selling and administrative cost per unit $2
per unit
Fixed selling and administrative cost per year
$112,000
per year
1. Prepare an income statement for the year using absorption costing.
Product cost per unit using Absorption Costing:
Direct materials per unit
$6.00
Direct labor per unit
11.00
Variable overhead per unit
3.00
Fixed overhead per unit ($680,000 / 20,000 units produced)
34.00
Cost per unit
$54.00
Zbest Manufacturing
Need-to-Know 6.2
Zbest Manufacturing reports the following costing data for the current year.
20,000 units were produced, and 14,000 units were sold.
Prepare an income statement for the year using absorption costing.
The product cost per unit under absorption costing includes all manufacturing costs:
Direct materials per unit, $6.00; Direct labor, $11.00; Variable overhead, $3.00; and Fixed overhead, $680,000 divided by 20,000 units produced, $34.00 per unit.
The total cost per unit under absorption costingis $54.00.
The income statement report sales, 14,000 units $80.00 per unit, $1,120,000.
Less cost of goods sold: 14,000 $54 per unit, $756,000. Sales minus cost of goods sold
equals gross margin, $364,000.
From gross margin, we subtract the Selling, general and administrative expenses.
Variable selling and administrative expenses, 14,000 units sold multiplied by $2.00 per unit, $28,000;
and Fixed selling and administrative costs, $112,000.
Total Selling, general and administrative expenses are $140,000.
Net income under absorption costing is $224,000.
Absorption Costing Income Statement
Sales (14,000 $80 per unit)
$1,120,000
Cost of goods sold (14,000 $54 per unit)
756,000
Gross margin
364,000
Selling, general and administrative expenses:
Variable selling and administrative expenses (14,000 x $2)
$28,000
Fixed selling and administrative expenses
112,000
Total selling, general and administrative expenses
140,000
Net income (loss)
$224,000
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25. NEED-TO-KNOW
Zbest Manufacturing reports the following costing data for the current year. 20,000 units were produced, and 14,000 units were sold.
Direct materials per unit $6
per unit
Direct labor per unit
$11
Variable overhead per unit $3
Fixed overhead for the year
$680,000
per year
Sales price
$80
Variable selling and administrative cost per unit $2
Fixed selling and administrative cost per year
$112,000
2. Prepare an income statement for the year using variable costing.
Product cost using Variable Costing:
Direct materials per unit
$6.00
Direct labor per unit
11.00
Variable overhead per unit
3.00
Cost per unit
$20.00
Zbest Manufacturing
Variable Costing Income Statement
Sales (14,000 $80 per unit)
$1,120,000
Need-to-Know 6.2
Prepare an income statement for the year using variable costing.
The product cost per unit under variable costing includes only the variable manufacturing costs:
Direct materials, $6.00 per unit; Direct labor, $11.00 per unit; and Variable overhead, $3.00 per unit;
total cost per unit under variable costing is $20.00.
The income statement begins with Sales, 14,000 $80.00 per unit, $1,120,000.
We subtract all of the variable costs: Variable production costs, 14,000 units multiplied
by $20.00 per unit, $280,000; Variable selling and administrative expenses, 14,000 units multiplied by $2.00 per unit, $28,000; total variable costs, $308,000.
Sales minus total variable costs equals contribution margin, $812,000.
From contribution margin, we subtract all of the fixed expenses:
Fixed overhead costs, $680,000; and fixed selling and administrative expenses, $112,000.
Total fixed expenses are $792,000.
Net income under variable costing is only $20,000.
Less: Variable costs
Variable production costs (14,000 x $20 per unit)
$280,000
Variable selling and administrative expenses (14,000 x $2)
28,000
Total variable costs
308,000
Contribution margin
812,000
Less: Fixed expenses
Fixed overhead costs
680,000
Fixed selling and administrative expenses
112,000
Total fixed expenses
792,000
P 2
Net income (loss)
$20,000
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26. NEED-TO-KNOW P 2 Zbest Manufacturing
Absorption Costing Income Statement
Sales (14,000 $80 per unit)
$1,120,000
Cost of goods sold (14,000 $54 per unit)
756,000
Gross margin
364,000
Selling, general and administrative expenses:
Variable selling and administrative expenses (14,000 x $2)
28,000
Fixed selling and administrative expenses
112,000
Total selling, general and administrative expenses
140,000
Net income (loss)
$224,000
Zbest Manufacturing
Variable Costing Income Statement
Sales (14,000 $80 per unit)
$1,120,000
Less: Variable costs
Variable production costs (14,000 x $20 per unit)
$280,000
Variable selling and administrative expenses (14,000 x $2)
28,000
Total variable costs
308,000
Need-to-Know 6.2
Net income under variable costing is $204,000 less.
6,000 units were added to inventory (20,000 units produced minus 14,000 units sold)
We multiply by the fixed overhead cost per unit $680,000 divided by 20,000 units, $34.00 per unit, to explain the total change in income, $204,000.
Contribution margin
812,000
Less: Fixed expenses
Fixed overhead costs
680,000
Fixed selling and administrative expenses
112,000
Total fixed expenses
792,000
Net income (loss)
$20,000
Number of units added to inventory
6,000
P 2
Fixed overhead per unit ($680,000 / 20,000 units)
$34.00
Change in income (Absorption vs. Variable)
$204,000
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27. Convert income under variable costing to the absorption cost basis.
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28. Converting Reports under Variable Costing to Absorption Costing
Income under variable costing is restated to that under absorption costing utilizing the following formula:
Exhibit Converting Variable Costing Income to Absorption Costing Income
Income under
Absorption costing
Given the advantages of both variable costing and absorption costing, we need to apply and understand both methods. For example, companies commonly use variable costing for internal reporting and business decisions and they use absorption costing for external reporting and tax reporting. For companies concerned about the cost of maintaining two costing systems, it is comforting to know that we can readily convert reports under variable costing to those using absorption costing. Income under variable costing is restated to that under absorption costing by adding the fixed cost in ending inventory and subtracting the fixed cost in beginning inventory. The formula for this calculation is shown here in Exhibit 6.11 =
Income under
variable costing +
Fixed overhead cost in ending inventory ▬
Fixed overhead cost in beginning inventory
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29. Converting Reports under Variable Costing to Absorption Costing
To restate variable costing income to absorption costing income for 2014, we must add back the fixed overhead cost deferred in ending inventory.
To illustrate how easy it is to convert income from variable costing to absorption costing, let’s again refer to IceAge’s data for the three years 2013 through 2015 which is shown here in Exhibit 6.12.
If we focus our attention on 2014, absorption costing income was $200,000 higher than variable costing income. The $200,000 difference was because the fixed overhead cost incurred in 2014 was allocated to the 20,000 units of ending inventory under absorption costing (and not expensed in 2014 under absorption costing). On the other hand, the $200,000 fixed overhead costs (along with all other fixed costs) were expensed in 2014 under variable costing.
Exhibit 6.12 shows the computations for restating income under the two costing methods. To restate variable costing income to absorption costing income for 2014, we must add back the fixed overhead cost deferred in ending inventory. Similarly, to restate variable costing income to absorption costing income for 2015, we must deduct the fixed overhead cost recognized from beginning inventory, which was incurred in 2014, but expensed in the 2015 cost of goods sold when the inventory was sold.
Similarly, to restate variable costing income to absorption costing income for 2015, we must deduct the fixed overhead cost recognized from beginning inventory, which was incurred in 2014, but expensed in the 2015 cost of goods sold when the inventory was sold.
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30. Describe how absorption costing can result in overproduction.
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31. Planning Production
What would happen if IceAge’s manager decided to produce 100,000 units instead of 60,000?
The 40,000 extra units would be stored in inventory and the total production cost PER UNIT is $4 less!
What would happen if IceAge’s manager decided to produce 100,000 units instead of 60,000? The 40,000 extra units would be stored in inventory. What would the income look like? The left side of Exhibit 6.13 shows the unit cost when 60,000 units are produced. The right side shows unit costs when 100,000 units are produced. The exhibit is prepared under absorption costing for Total production cost per unit is $4 less when 100,000 units are produced. Specifically, cost per unit is $21 when 100,000 units are produced versus $25 per unit at 60,000 units. The reason for this difference is because the company is spreading the $600,000 fixed overhead cost over more units when 100,000 units are produced than when 60,000 are produced.
The difference in cost per unit carries over to performance reporting. Exhibit 6.14, on the next slide, presents the income statement under absorption costing for the two alternative production levels.
When 60,000 units are produced:
Fixed overhead per unit is:
$600,000/ 60,000 units = $10/unit
When 100,000 units are produced:
Fixed overhead per unit is:
$600,000/ 100,000 units = $6/unit
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32. Planning Production: Income under Absorption Costing for Different Production Levels
Common sense suggests that, because the company’s variable cost per unit, total fixed costs, and sales are identical in both cases, merely producing more units and creating excess ending inventory should not increase income. Yet, as we see in Exhibit 6.14, income under absorption costing is $240,000 greater if management produces 40,000 more units than necessary and builds up ending inventory. The reason is that $240,000 of fixed overhead (40,000 units x $6) is assigned to ending inventory instead of being expensed in This shows that a manager can report increased income merely by producing more and disregarding whether the excess units can be sold or not.
Note: Income under absorption costing is $240,000 greater if management produces 40,000 more units than necessary and builds up ending inventory.
This shows that a manager can report increased income merely by producing more and disregarding whether the excess units can be sold or not.
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33. Planning Production: Income under Variable Costing for Different Production Levels
Manager bonuses are tied to income computed under absorption costing for many companies. Accordingly, these managers may be enticed to increase production that increases income and their bonuses. This incentive problem encourages inventory build-up, which leads to increased costs in storage, financing, and obsolescence. If the excess inventory is never sold, it will be disposed of at a loss.
This is not the case when variable costing is used in a company. Exhibit 6.15 shows that managers cannot increase income by merely increasing production without increasing sales. Under variable costing, companies increase reported income by selling more units—it is not possible to increase income just by producing more units and creating excess inventory.
Under variable costing, even if I produce more units, it doesn’t effect the reported net income.
C 1
I actually have to SELL more units to increase my net income.
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34. Determine product selling price based on absorption costing.
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35. How does management determine the sales price of a product?
Absorption cost information is useful because it reflects the full costs that sales must exceed for the company to be profitable.
Although many factors impact pricing, cost is a crucial factor!
Over the long run, price must be high enough to cover all costs.
Setting prices for products and services is one of the more complex and important managerial decisions. Although many factors impact pricing, cost is a crucial factor. Cost information from both absorption costing and variable costing can aid managers in pricing.
Over the long run, price must be high enough to cover all costs, including variable costs and fixed costs, and still provide an acceptable return to owners. For this purpose, absorption cost information is useful because it reflects the full costs that sales must exceed for the company to be profitable.
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36. We can use a three-step process to determine product selling prices:
Step 1: Determine the product cost per unit using absorption costing.
Step 2: Determine the target markup on product cost per unit.
Step 3: Add the target markup to the product cost to find the target selling price
We can use a three-step process to determine product selling prices:
Step 1: Determine the product cost per unit using absorption costing.
Step 2: Determine the target markup on product cost per unit.
Step 3: Add the target markup to the product cost to find the target selling price
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37. 1) Start with product cost.
Example: IceAge will use absorption costing to determine a target selling price.
Exhibit 6.16 Determining Selling Price with Absorption Costing
Step 1
Absorption cost per unit (from Exhibit 6.3)
$25
Step 2
Target markup per unit ($25 times 60%) 15
Step 3
Target selling price per unit
$40
To illustrate, consider IceAge. Under absorption costing, its product cost is $25 per unit (from Exhibit 6.3). IceAge’s management must then determine a target markup on this product cost. This target markup could be based on industry averages, prices that have been charged in the past, or other information. In addition, this markup must be set high enough to cover selling and administrative expenses (both variable and fixed) that are excluded from product costs. In this example, IceAge targets a markup of 60% of absorption cost. With that information, the company computes a target selling price as in Exhibit 6.16 of $40 per unit. IceAge can use this target selling price as a starting point in setting prices.
3) In this example, they chose a markup of 60% of cost. So the target selling price is $40 per unit.
1) Start with product cost.
2) Then, management needs to determine a target markup.
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38. Use variable costing in pricing special orders.
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39. Setting Prices (Special Orders Illustration)
Should the company accept a special order for 1,000 pairs of skates at an offer price of $22 per pair?
Let’s go back to IceAge to see how we can use our knowledge of variable costing in a special order decision. To illustrate, let’s return to the data of IceAge Company and examine Exhibit Recall that its variable production cost per unit is $15 ($4 DM + $8 DL + $3 VOH) and its total production cost per unit is $25 (at production level of 60,000 units). Assume that it receives a special order for 1,000 pairs of skates at an offer price of $22 per pair from a foreign skating school. This special order will not affect IceAge’s regular sales and its plant has excess capacity to fill the order.
Drawing on absorption costing information, we observe that cost is $25 per unit and that the special order price is $22 per unit. These data would suggest that management would reject the order as it would lose $3,000, computed as 1,000 units at $3 loss per pair ($22-$25).
However, closer analysis suggests that this order should be accepted. This is because the $22 order price exceeds the $15 variable cost of the product. Specifically, Exhibit 6.17 reveals that the incremental revenue from accepting the order is $22,000 (1,000 units at $22 per unit) whereas the incremental production cost of the order is $15,000 (1,000 units at $15 per unit) and the incremental variable selling and administrative cost is $2,000 (1,000 units at $2 per unit). Thus, both the contribution margin and net income would increase by $5,000 from accepting the order. We see that variable costing reveals this opportunity while absorption costing hides it. The reason for increased income from accepting the special order lies in the different behavior of variable and fixed production costs. We see that if the order is rejected, only variable costs are saved. Fixed costs, on the other hand, do not change in the short run regardless of rejecting or accepting this order. Since incremental revenue from the order exceeds incremental costs (only variable costs in this case), accepting the special order increases company income.
Variable production cost = $15 ($4DM + $8DL + $3 VOH)
Order should be accepted because the $22 order price exceeds the $15 variable cost of the product.
A 1
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40. Happiness is having all homework up to date
Homework assignment
Using Connect – 10 Questions for 60 Points; Chapter 6.
Prepare chapter 7 “Master Budgets and Performance Planning.”
Happiness is having all homework up to date
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41. Chapter 07 Master Budgets and
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42. Master Budgets and Performance Planning
Chapter 07
Master Budgets and Performance Planning
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43. Budget Process and Administration
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44. 1) Motivates employees through participation in the budgeting process and the establishment of attainable goals.
Enhances coordination so that activities of all units contribute to meeting the company’s overall goals.
2) Promotes analysis and a focus on the future.
3) Converts long-term strategic plans into short-term financial plans.
5) Communicates management plans throughout the organization.
4) Provides a benchmark for evaluating performance.
Benefits of Budgeting
The budgeting process with a company, coordinates the activities of various departments in order to meet the company’s overall goals. Most companies prepare long-term strategic plans spanning 5 to 10 years. Then they prepare shorter-term financial plans, called budgets, to guide their actions toward achieving the goals set forth in the strategic plan. Budgets are most often prepared on an annual basis, but can be prepared for any period of time. Budgets help fulfill the key managerial functions of planning and controlling. There are several benefits to having a written budget:
A budget focuses on the future opportunities and threats to the organization. This focus on
the future is important, because the daily pressures of operating an organization can divert
management’s attention to planning.
Since budgeted performance takes into account important company, industry, and economic
factors, a comparison of actual to budgeted performance provides an effective monitoring
and control system.
Ensures that the activities of all departments contribute to meeting the company’s overall goals. This requires coordination. Budgeting helps to achieve this coordination across departments.
A written budget provides a benchmark for evaluating performance, and communicates management’s plans throughout the organization.
Converts long-term strategic plans into short-term financial plans, and promotes analysis and a focus on the future.
Motivates employees through participation in the budgeting process and the establishment of attainable goals.
Managers must also be aware of potential negative outcomes of budgeting. Some employees might be tempted to understate sales budgets and overstate expense budgets to allow themselves to more easily meet budget targets. Also, pressure to meet budgeted results might lead employees to engage in unethical behavior or commit fraud. Finally, some employees might always spend their budgeted amounts, even on unnecessary items, to ensure their budgets aren’t reduced for the next period.
WARNING: If not properly applied, budgets can have a negative effect on a company…so make sure that budgets are realistic!
C 1
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45. Budget Reporting and Timing
Annual Budget
2015
2016
2017
2018
The annual budget
may be divided into quarterly
or monthly budgets.
We need to choose a budgeting period. The budget period usually coincides with the accounting period. Most companies prepare at least an annual budget, which reflects the objectives for the next year. To provide specific guidance, the annual budget usually is separated into quarterly or monthly budgets. These short-term budgets allow management to periodically evaluate performance and take corrective action.
Some companies use a continuous or rolling budget either exclusively or in conjunction with an annual budget. Rolling budgets drop off the immediate past month or quarter and add one future month or quarter as the year progresses. A rolling budget allows a company to continuously work with a full one-year budget in place.
A continuous or rolling budget is a twelve-month
budget that rolls forward one month as the current month is completed.
C 1
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46. Budget Committee Flow of budget data is a bottom-up process. C 1
The task of preparing a budget should not be the sole responsibility of any one department.
Similarly, the budget should not be simply handed down as top management’s final word.
Instead, budget figures and budget estimates developed through a bottom-up process usually are more useful. In a bottom-up budgeting process, information flows upward from lower levels of the business to top management. Lower-level managers have more detailed knowledge because they are closer to the day-to-day activities and operations of the business.
Flow of budget data is a bottom-up process.
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47. Budget Committee
The budget committee is responsible for budgeting policies and for coordinating the efforts of all participants in the budgeting process.
Consists of managers from all departments of the organization. Provides central guidance to insure that individual budgets submitted from all departments are realistic and coordinated.
Most large companies have a standing budget committee that is responsible for budgeting policies and for coordinating the efforts of all participants in the budgeting process. Most budgets should be developed by a bottom-up process, but the budgeting system requires central guidance. The budget committee provides this guidance. It is made up of department heads and other executives responsible for seeing that budgeted amounts are realistic and coordinated.
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48. Master Budget Components
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49. Master Budget Process for a Manufacturer
This slide summarizes the master budgeting process for a company that manufacturers a product. The master budgeting process typically begins with the sales budget and ends with a cash budget and budgeted financial statements. The master budget includes individual budgets for sales, production (or purchases), various expenses, capital expenditures, and cash.
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50. I - Operating Budgets
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51. 1) Sales Budget Sales Budget
The first step in preparing the master budget is the sales budget, which shows the planned sales units and the expected dollars from these sales.
Sales Budget
Estimated Unit Sales
Estimated Unit Price
The first step in preparing the master budget is the sales budget, which shows the planned sales units and the expected dollars from these sales. The sales budget is the starting point in the budgeting process because plans for most departments are linked to sales. The marketing department is usually responsible for developing the sales budget. A company’s sales personnel are usually asked to develop predictions of sales for each territory and department. Companies may also take a broader view by using economic forecasting models.
Analysis of economic and market conditions + Forecasts of customer needs from marketing personnel
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52. Sales Budget
Example: In September 2015, Toronto Sticks Company sold 700 hockey sticks at $60 each. Toronto Sticks prepared the following sales budget for the next three months:
To illustrate the budgeting process, we are going to prepare a detailed budget for Toronto Sticks Company, a manufacturer of youth hockey sticks. We will begin with the sales budget. TSC sold 700 hockey sticks at $60 per unit. After considering sales predictions and market conditions, TSC prepares its sales budget for the next three months. Let’s take a look…
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53. Sales Budget
Example: TSC sold 700 hockey sticks at $60 per unit. After considering sales predictions and market conditions, TSC prepares its sales budget for the next three months.
In September of 2015, TSC sold 700 hockey sticks at $60 per unit. After considering sales predictions and market conditions, TSC prepares its sales budget for the next three months. The Sales budget will include forecasts of both unit sales and unit prices.
Using this pricing information and the forecasted unit sales for the colder months of the fall season, the sales budget for the remaining three months of the year can be prepared.
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54. 2) Production Budget
A manufacturer prepares a production budget, which shows the number of units to be produced in a period.
The production budget is based on the unit sales projected in the sales budget, along with inventory considerations.
A manufacturer prepares a production budget, which shows the number of units to be produced in a period.
The production budget is based on the unit sales projected in the sales budget, along with inventory considerations.
This slide depicts the general computation for the production required for a period. We start with budgeted ending inventory. Then, we add the budgeted sales units for the period which came from the Sales budget. This will give us the required units needed for the period. Then, we subtract the number of units in beginning inventory and we are left with the total units to be produced in the period.
A production budget does not show costs; it is always expressed in units of product.
Note: A production budget does not show costs; it is always expressed in units of product.
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55. Production Budget
The production budget is based on the unit sales projected in the sales budget, along with inventory considerations.
The production budget for Toronto Sticks Company (TSC) is prepared next. Manufacturing companies, like TSC, prepare a production budget, which shows the number of units to be produced in a period. The production budget is based on the unit sales projected in the sales budget, along with inventory considerations.
The first three lines of TSC’s production budget determine the budgeted ending inventories (in units). Budgeted unit sales are then added to the budgeted ending inventory to give the required units of production. We then subtract beginning inventory to determine the budgeted number of units to be produced. The information about units to be produced provides the basis for manufacturing budgets for the production costs of those units—direct materials, direct labor, and overhead.
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56. NEED-TO-KNOW 7-1
A manufacturing company predicts sales of 220 units for May and 250 units for June. The company wants
each month’s ending inventory to equal 30% of next month’s predicted unit sales. Beginning inventory for
May is 66 units.
Compute the company’s budgeted production in units for May.
Budgeted ending inventory for May 75
30% of 250 (June’s expected sales)
Plus: Budgeted sales for May
220
Required units of available production
295
Less: Beginning inventory (units)
(66)
Total units to be produced
229
A manufacturing company predicts sales of 220 units for May and 250 units for June. The company wants each month’s ending inventory to equal 30% of next month’s predicted unit sales. Beginning inventory for May is 66 units. Compute the company’s budgeted production in units for May.
The budgeted ending inventory for May equals 30% of 250 units, June's expected sales. 75 units need to be on hand as of May 31.
They also need to produce enough units to cover the budgeted sales for May, 220 units. The total required units of available production is 295.
We subtract the number of units that are already on hand in beginning inventory, 66, to calculate the total number of units to be produced, 229.
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57. A - Direct Materials Budget
The direct materials budget shows the budgeted costs for the direct materials that will need to be purchased to satisfy the estimated production for the period
The direct materials budget shows the budgeted costs for the direct materials that will need to be purchased to satisfy the estimated production for the period. Whereas the production budget shows units to be produced, the direct materials budget translates the units to be produced into budgeted costs. It is based on the budgeted production volume from the production budget. The direct materials budget for Toronto Sticks company is shown on your screen. The direct materials budget is driven by the budgeted materials needed to satisfy each month’s production requirement. This budget begins with the budgeted production, taken directly from the production budget. Next, TSC needs to know the amount of direct materials needed for each of the units to be produced—in this case, half a pound (.5) of wood. With these two inputs we can now compute the amount of direct materials needed for production. For example, to produce 710 hockey sticks in October, TSC will need 355 pounds of wood (710 units x 0.5 lbs. = 355 lbs.). The company then needs to consider its safety stock of direct materials. TSC has determined that it wants to have a safety stock of direct materials on hand at the end of each month to complete 50% of the budgeted units to be produced in the next month. Since TSC expects to produce 1,340 units in November, requiring 670 pounds of materials, it needs ending inventory of direct materials of 335 pounds (50% x 670) at the end of October. TSC’s total direct materials requirement for October is therefore 690 pounds ( ). Since TSC already has 178 pounds of direct materials in its beginning inventory it deducts the amount of direct materials that were in beginning inventory from the total materials requirements for the month. For October, the calculation is 690 pounds pounds, resulting in the need for 512 pounds of direct materials to be purchased in October.
The direct materials budget next translates the pounds of direct materials to be purchased into budgeted costs. TSC estimates that the cost of direct materials will be $20 per pound over the quarter. At $20 per pound, purchasing 512 pounds of direct materials for October production will cost $10,240.
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58. B - Direct Labor Budget
The direct labor budget shows the budgeted costs for the direct labor that will be needed to satisfy the estimated production for the period.
The direct labor budget shows the budgeted costs for the direct labor that will be needed to satisfy the estimated production for the period. About 15 minutes (one-fourth of an hour) of labor time is required to produce one unit. Labor is paid at the rate of $12 per hour. Budgeted labor hours are computed by multiplying the budgeted production level for each month by one-quarter (0.25) of an hour. Direct labor cost is then computed by multiplying budgeted labor hours by the labor rate of $12 per hour.
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59. NEED-TO-KNOW 7-2
A manufacturing company budgets production of 800 units during June and 900 units during July. Each
unit of finished goods requires 2 pounds of direct materials, at a cost of $8 per pound. The company maintains
an inventory of direct materials equal to 10% of next month’s budgeted production. Beginning direct
materials inventory for June is 160 pounds. Each finished unit requires 1 hour of direct labor at the rate of
$14 per hour.
Compute the budgeted (a) cost of direct materials purchases for June and (b) direct labor cost for June.
Budgeted production (units)
800
Materials requirements per unit (lbs.) 2
Materials needed for production (lbs.)
1,600
Add: Budgeted ending inventory (lbs.)
180
(July production of 900 units x 2 lbs. per unit x 10%)
Total materials requirements (lbs.)
1,780
Less: Beginning inventory (lbs.)
(160)
Materials to be purchased (lbs.)
1,620
Material price per pound $8
Total cost of direct materials purchases
$12,960
Budgeted production (units)
800
A manufacturing company budgets production of 800 units during June and 900 units during July. Each unit of finished goods requires 2 pounds of direct materials, at a cost of $8 per pound. The company maintains an inventory of direct materials equal to 10% of next month’s budgeted production. Beginning direct materials inventory for June is 160 pounds. Each finished unit requires 1 hour of direct labor at the rate of $14 per hour.
Compute the budgeted (a) cost of direct materials purchases for June and (b) direct labor cost for June.
The company requires 800 units to be produced during June. Each unit will require 2 pounds of direct materials.
The company requires a total of 1,600 pounds of direct materials for the current month's production.
They also require an ending inventory equal to 10% of next month's budgeted production.
July's production of 900 units multiplied by 2 pounds per unit, 1,800 pounds, multiplied by 10% is 180 pounds in ending inventory.
Total materials requirements, 1,780 pounds.
We subtract the number of pounds in beginning inventory, 160, to calculate the number of pounds to be purchased, 1,620.
Each pound of direct materials costs $8.
The total cost of direct materials purchases, 1,620 pounds at $8 per pound, is a total cost of $12,960.
Budgeting the direct labor cost is simpler, as there is no beginning or ending inventory of labor hours to consider.
The budgeted production in units is Each of the 800 units requires 1 hour of direct labor, a total of 800 direct labor hours are required.
We multiply by the labor rate, $14 per hour, to calculate the total cost of direct labor, $11,200.
Labor requirements per unit (hrs.) 1
Total direct labor hours needed
800
Labor rate (per hour)
$14
Total cost of direct labor
$11,200
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60. C - Factory Overhead Budget
The factory overhead budget shows the budgeted costs for factory overhead that will be needed to complete the estimated production for the period.
The factory overhead budget shows the budgeted costs for factory overhead that will be needed to complete the estimated production for the period. TSC’s factory overhead budget is shown on your screen. TSC separates variable and fixed overhead costs in its overhead budget, as do many companies. The variable portion of factory overhead is assigned at the rate of $2.50 per unit of production. The fixed overhead is $1,500 per month.
The variable portion of factory overhead is assigned at the rate of $2.50 per unit of production. The fixed overhead is $1,500 per month.
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61. Product Cost Per Unit
With the information from the three manufacturing budgets (direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead), we can compute TSC’s product cost per unit.
For budgeting purposes, TSC assumes it will normally produce 3,000 units of product each quarter, yielding fixed overhead of $1.50 per unit. TSC’s other product costs are all variable.
With the information from the three manufacturing budgets (direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead), we can compute TSC’s product cost per unit. This is useful in computing cost of goods sold and preparing a budgeted income statement, as we show later. For budgeting purposes, TSC assumes it will normally produce 3,000 units of product each quarter, yielding fixed overhead of $1.50 per unit. TSC’s other product costs are all variable. This slide summarizes the product cost per unit calculation.
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62. 3) Selling Expense Budget
The selling expense budget is an estimate of the types and amounts of selling expenses expected during the budget period.
TSC pays sales commissions equal to 10 percent of total sales.
TSC pays a monthly salary of $2,000 to its sales manager.
The selling expense budget is an estimate of the types and amounts of selling expenses expected during the budget period. It is usually prepared by the vice president of marketing or an equivalent sales manager. Budgeted selling expenses are based on the sales budget, plus a fixed amount of sales manager salaries.
We use the sales budget to prepare a selling expense budget for TSC. Sales commissions are variable, based on a percentage of sales revenue. The sales manager’s salary is a fixed expense.
Let’s prepare the selling expense budget for Toronto Sticks Company.
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63. Selling Expense Budget
We begin the selling expense budget with sales revenues amounts taken from the sales budget. Next, we compute sales commissions for each month by multiplying sales revenue for each month times 10 percent. The sales manager’s salary of $2,000 per month is then added to sales commissions to get the total selling expense for each month.
From TSC’s sales budget
TSC pays sales commissions equal to 10 percent of total sales.
TSC pays a monthly salary of $2,000 to its sales manager.
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64. 4) General and Administrative Expense Budget
The general and administrative expense budget plans the predicted operating expenses not included in the selling expenses or manufacturing budgets.
Toronto Sticks Company has general and administrative salaries of $54,000 per year or $4,500 per month.
The general and administrative expense budget plans the predicted operating expenses not included in the selling expenses or manufacturing budgets. These expenses may be either variable or fixed with respect to sales volume. The office manager responsible for general administration often is responsible for preparing the general and administrative expense budget.
Toronto Sticks Company’s general and administrative expense budget includes salaries of $54,000 per year, or $4,500 per month. Let’s see what their general and administrative expense budget looks like.
Let’s prepare the general and administrative expense budget for TSC.
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65. General and Administrative Expense Budget
Toronto Sticks Company has general and administrative salaries of $54,000 per year or $4,500 per month.
The general and administrative expense budget for each month is the administrative salaries of $4,500. The total amount is the same each month since the amount is a fixed expense.
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66. NEED-TO-KNOW 7-3
A manufacturing company budgets sales of $70,000 during July. It pays sales commissions of 5% of sales
and also pays a sales manager a salary of $3,000 per month. Other monthly costs include depreciation on
office equipment ($500), insurance expense ($200), advertising ($1,000), and office manager salary of
$2,500 per month. For the month of July, compute the total (a) budgeted selling expense and (b) budgeted
general and administrative expense.
Budgeted selling expense
Total
Sales commissions
($70,000 x 5%)
$3,500
Sales manager's salary
3,000
Advertising expense
1,000
Total budgeted selling expense
$7,500
Budgeted general and administrative expense
Total
Depreciation on office equipment
$500
Insurance expense
200
Office manager's salary
2,500
Total budgeted and administrative expense
$3,200
A manufacturing company budgets sales of $70,000 during July. It pays sales commissions of 5% of sales and also pays a sales manager a salary of $3,000 per month. Other monthly costs include depreciation on office equipment ($500), insurance expense ($200), advertising ($1,000), and office manager salary of $2,500 per month. For the month of July, compute the total (a) budgeted selling expense and (b) budgeted general and administrative expense.
Selling expenses are costs that are targeting the customer, vs. general and administrative expenses which are non-customer related.
Sales commissions are selling expenses. 5% of $70,000 is $3,500.
The sales manager's salary is also a selling expense.
Depreciation on office equipment is non-customer related; it's considered a general and administrative expense.
Insurance expense is also considered general and administrative expense.
Advertising expense is customer related; it's included as part of the budgeted selling expense.
And the office manager's salary is a general and administrative expense.
Total budget selling expenses; $7,500.
Total budgeted general and administrative expense; $3,200.
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67. II - CAPITAL EXPENDITURES Budgets
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68. Capital Expenditures Budget
The capital expenditures budget shows dollar amounts estimated to be spent to purchase additional plant assets the company will use to carry out its budgeted business activities.
TSC does not anticipate disposal of any plant assets through December 2015, but management is planning to acquire additional equipment for $25,000 cash in December 2015.
It also shows any amounts expected to be received from plant asset disposals, as companies replace old assets with new ones.
The capital expenditures budget lists dollar amounts to be received from plant asset disposals and spent on additional plant assets. Since TSC only plans one capital expenditure of $25,000 and no disposals of plant assets, this information will be incorporated into the cash budget.
*Since this is the only budgeted capital expenditure for the quarter, no separate budget is shown.
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69. III - Cash Budget
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70. Cash Budgets
After developing budgets for sales, manufacturing costs, expenses, and capital expenditures, the next step is to prepare the cash budget, which shows expected cash inflows and outflows during the budget period.
The general formula for a cash budget is:
After developing budgets for sales, manufacturing costs, expenses, and capital expenditures, the next step is to prepare the cash budget, which shows expected cash inflows and outflows during the budget period. The cash budget is especially important because it helps the company maintain a cash balance necessary to meet ongoing obligations. Let’s prepare TSC’s budgets for cash receipts and cash disbursements.
The cash budget is especially important because it helps the company maintain a cash balance necessary to meet ongoing obligations.
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71. Budgeted Cash Receipts (from Sales)
40% of TSC’s sales are for cash.
The remaining 60% are credit sales that are collected in full in the month following the sale.
Managers use the sales budget, combined with knowledge about how frequently customers pay on credit sales, to budget monthly cash receipts. Forty percent of TSC’s sales are for cash. The remaining 60 percent of sales are credit sales. None of the sales on account are collected in the month of sale. However they are expected to be collected in the month following the sale.
Let’s prepare the cash receipts budget for TSC.
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72. Budgeted Cash Receipts from Sales
We begin the cash receipts budget with sales revenues amounts taken from the sales budget. September sales revenue is included because 60 percent of September sales will be collected in October.
The accounts receivable balance at the end of each month is 60 percent of that month’s budgeted sales. Cash sales are 40 percent of each month’s sales.
The accounts receivable balance at the end of each month is collected in full during the next month. Cash sales are added to accounts receivable collections to get total cash receipts for the month.
We now can compute the budgeted cash receipts from customers, as shown in the table on this slide. October’s budgeted cash receipts consist of $24,000 from expected cash sales ($60,000 x 40%) plus the anticipated collection of $25,200 of accounts receivable from the end of September.
Cash sales are 40% of each month’s sales
From TSC’ sales budget
Accounts receivable balance at the end of each month is 60% of that month’s budgeted sales.
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73. Cash Payments for Materials
Managers use the beginning balance sheet and the direct materials budget prepared earlier, to help prepare a schedule of cash disbursements for materials.
TSC’s purchases of materials are entirely on account.
Full payment is made in the month following the purchase.
We’re now ready to prepare the cash payments for materials budget. Managers use the beginning balance sheet and the direct materials budget prepared earlier, to help prepare a schedule of cash disbursements for materials. Managers must also know how TSC purchases direct materials (pay cash or on account), and for credit purchases, how quickly TSC pays.
TSC’s materials purchases are entirely on account. It makes full payment during the month following its purchases. Using this information, the schedule of cash payments for materials can be prepared. Let’s take a look at it on the next slide.
Let’s look at the schedule of cash payments for materials for TSC.
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74. Cash Payments for Direct Materials
Remember that TSC’s materials purchases are entirely on account. It makes full payment during the month following its purchases. We start with the direct materials budget and that budget told TSC to purchase $10,240 of materials in October. But none of these purchases will be paid for this month—instead those material costs end up in November’s column.. We then add the balance owed from the previous month’s purchases (September) of $7,060. The total cash disbursements for direct materials in October, is $7,060.
TSC’s purchases of materials are entirely on account.
Full payment is made in the month following the purchase.
From direct materials budget
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75. Preparing the Cash Budget
Beginning Cash Balance
Budgeted Cash Receipts
Budgeted Cash Disbursements
Preliminary Cash Balance + – =
If adequate, repay loans or buy securities.
If inadequate, increase short-term loans.
Now that we have completed the following budgets: cash receipts from sales budget, cash payments for direct materials, cash payments for direct labor, cash payments for variable overhead, cash payments for selling expenses and cash payments for general and administrative expenses, we are ready to complete the cash budget. When preparing a cash budget, we add expected cash receipts to the beginning cash balance and deduct expected cash disbursements. If the expected ending cash balance is inadequate, additional cash requirements appear in the budget as planned increases from short-term loans. If the expected ending cash balance exceeds the desired balance, the excess is used to repay loans or to acquire short-term investments.
Some additional events affecting TSC’s cash are displayed on your screen. You may need to make a few notes from this information to keep from referring back to this screen as we use this information. We will continue with the additional information on the next slide.
Additional information for TSC’s cash budget:
Has a September 30 cash balance of $20,000.
Will pay a cash dividend of $3,000 in November.
Continue
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76. Cash Budget Toronto Sticks Company:
Has an income tax liability of $20,000 from the previous quarter that will be paid in October.
Will purchase $25,000 of equipment in December.
Has an agreement with its bank for loans at the end of each month to enable a minimum cash balance of $20,000.
Pays interest each month equal to one percent of the prior month’s ending loan balance.
Repays loans when the ending cash balance exceeds $20,000.
Owes $10,000 on this loan arrangement on September 30.
Has 40 percent income tax rate.
Will pay taxes for current quarter next year.
Here is the remainder of the information needed to complete TSC’s cash budget. Again, you my find it helpful to take a few notes summarizing this information.
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77. From Cash Receipts Budget
TSC’s cash balance at the beginning of October is $20,000. Budgeted cash receipts for October are $49,200, resulting in a total of $69,200 available for the month.
We begin the cash budget with October. TSC’s cash balance at the beginning of October is $20,000. Budgeted cash receipts for October are $49,200, resulting in a total of $69,200 available for the month.
Now we are ready to look at TSC’s cash disbursements.
Now we are ready to look at TSC’s cash disbursements
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78. We next subtract expected cash payments for direct materials, direct labor, overhead, selling expenses, and general and administrative expenses.
Income taxes of $20,000 were due as of the end of September 30, 2015, and payable in October.
We next subtract expected cash payments for direct materials, direct labor, overhead, selling expenses, and general and administrative expenses. Income taxes of $20,000 were due as of the end of September 30, 2015, and payable in October.
Now we are ready to use some of the additional information affecting cash. Let’s take a look at the next slide.
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79. TSC has a dividend payment of $3,000 that it plans to pay in November.
TSC has a $10,000 loan and pays interest at the rate of one percent per month. The preliminary cash balance for October is $25,635. TSC has a dividend payment of $3,000 that it plans to pay in November.
TSC has a dividend payment of $3,000 that it plans to pay in November.
TSC has a $10,000 loan and pays interest at the rate of one percent per month. October’s interest is $100.
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80. TSC has an agreement with its bank for loans at the end of each month to provide a minimum cash balance of $20,000. If the cash balance exceeds $20,000 at a month-end, as it does here, TSC uses the excess to repay loans.
TSC has an agreement with its bank for loans at the end of each month to provide a minimum cash balance of $20,000. If the cash balance exceeds $20,000 at a month-end, TSC uses the excess to repay loans. If the cash balance is less than $20,000 at month-end, the bank loans TSC the difference. At the end of each month, TSC pays the bank interest on any outstanding loan amount, at the monthly rate of 1% of the beginning balance of these loans. For October, this payment is 1% of the $10,000 note payable amount reported on its balance sheet.
Based on our cash budget for the month of October, the preliminary cash balance increases to $25,635 (before any loan-related activity). This amount is more than the $20,000 minimum. Thus, TSC will pay off $5,635 of its outstanding loan.
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81. TSC interest on it’s outstanding loan amount in November is $44.
Ending cash balance for October
is the beginning November balance.
The expected loan repayment of $5,635 is deducted from the preliminary cash balance in October. October’s ending cash balance of $20,000 becomes the beginning cash balance in November.
For November, TSC expects to pay interest of $44, computed as 1% of the $4,365 expected loan balance at October 31. No interest is budgeted for December because the company expects to repay the loans in full at the end of November.
TSC interest on it’s outstanding loan amount in November is $44.
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82. One last item, before our cash budget is complete…TSC plans to pay $25,000 in December to purchase new equipment.
The cash budget is completed with the December cash information. TSC plans to pay $25,000 in December to purchase new equipment. This large cash disbursement will reduce the December preliminary cash balance to $56,575 and leave an ending cash balance in December of $44,706.
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83. Budgeted Financial Statements
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84. Budgeted Income Statement
The budgeted income statement is a managerial accounting report showing predicted amounts
of sales and expenses for the budget period.
Cash
Budget
Budgeted
Income
Statement
Completed
Now that we have completed the cash budget, we are ready to prepare a budgeted income statement for the quarter. The budgeted income statement is a managerial accounting report showing predicted amounts of sales and expenses for the budget period. It summarizes the income effects of the budgeted activities. Information needed to prepare a budgeted income statement is primarily taken from already-prepared budgets. Let’s look at the budgeted income statement for Toronto Sticks Company.
Let’s prepare the budgeted income statement for Toronto Sticks Company.
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85. Budgeted Income Statement
TSC’s condensed budgeted income statement is shown on this slide. All information in this statement is taken from the component budgets we’ve examined on previous slides. Also, we now can predict the amount of income tax expense for the quarter, computed as 40% of the budgeted pretax income. For TSC, these taxes are not payable until January 31, Thus, these taxes are not shown on the October–December 2015 cash budget. We can now move on to the budgeted balance sheet.
The predicted amount of income tax expense for the quarter, computed as 40% of the budgeted pretax income, is included.
All information in this budgeted income statement is taken from the component budgets we’ve examined on previous slides.
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86. Budgeted Balance Sheet
The budgeted balance sheet shows predicted amounts for the company’s assets, liabilities, and
equity as of the end of the budget period.
Budgeted
Balance
Sheet
Completed
Income
Statement
Now that we have completed the income statement for the quarter, we can prepare the balance sheet. The final step in preparing the master budget is summarizing the company’s financial position. The budgeted balance sheet shows predicted amounts for the company’s assets, liabilities, and equity as of the end of the budget period.
Let’s prepare the budgeted balance sheet for Toronto Sticks Company.
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87. Budgeted Balance Sheet
TSC’s budgeted balance sheet is shown on this slide. It is prepared using information from the other budgets.
The budgeted balance sheet for TSC is prepared using information from the other budgets.
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88. Global View
Royal Phillips Electronics of the Netherlands is a diversified company. Preparing budgets and evaluating progress helps the company achieve its goals. In a recent annual report, the company reports that it budgets sales to grow at a faster pace than overall economic growth. Based on this sales target, company managers prepare detailed operating, capital expenditures, and financial budgets.
Budgeted and actual results of companies that do business globally are impacted by changes in foreign currency exchange rates as well as global and political uncertainties. Forecasting in that environment is difficult.
Royal Phillips Electronics of the Netherlands is a diversified company. Preparing budgets and evaluating progress helps the company achieve its goals. In a recent annual report, the company reports that it budgets sales to grow at a faster pace than overall economic growth. Based on this sales target, company managers prepare detailed operating, capital expenditures, and financial budgets.
Budgeted and actual results of companies that do business globally are impacted by changes in foreign currency exchange rates as well as global and political uncertainties. Forecasting in that environment is difficult.
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89. Happiness is having all homework up to date
Homework assignment
Using Connect – 7 Questions for 60 Points; Chapter 7.
Prepare chapter 8 “Flexible Budgets and Standard Costs.”
Happiness is having all homework up to date
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90. Thank you and See You Thursday at the Same Time, Take Care
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91. Activity- Based Budgeting
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92. Activity-Based Budgeting
Activity-based budgeting is based on activities rather than traditional items such as salaries, supplies, depreciation, and utilities.
Accounting Department
Comparison of Activity-Based Budget with Traditional Budget
Activity-based budgeting is based on expected activities instead of the traditional budget categories that we normally see. Activity-based budgets enable management to more easily plan resource consumption to match related changes in activity.
Traditional budgeting systems list items such as salaries, supplies, equipment, and utilities. With a traditional budget, management often makes across-the-board budget cuts or increases. For example, management might decide that each of the line items in the traditional budget must be cut by 5%. This might not be a good strategic decision.
In contrast, ABB requires management to list activities performed by, say, the accounting department such as auditing, tax reporting, financial reporting, and cost accounting. An understanding of the resources required to perform the activities, the costs associated with these resources, and the way resource use changes with changes in activity levels allows management to better assess how expenses will change to accommodate changes in activity levels.
An understanding of the resources required to perform the activities, the costs associated with these resources, and the way resource use changes with changes in activity levels allows management to better assess how expenses will change to accommodate changes in activity levels.
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93. 7A-P4 (Appendix): Merchandise Purchases Budget
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94. Merchandise Purchases Budget
Unlike a manufacturing company, a merchandiser must prepare a merchandise purchases budget rather than a production budget.
Unlike a manufacturing company, a merchandiser must prepare a merchandise purchases budget rather than a production budget. In addition, a merchandiser does not prepare direct materials, direct labor, or factory overhead budgets. Let’s look at the merchandise purchases budget for Hockey Den (HD), a retailer of hockey sticks
Example: Let’s look at the merchandise purchases budget for Hockey Den (HD), a retailer of hockey sticks…
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95. Merchandise Purchases Budget
Example: Hockey Den buys hockey sticks for $60 each and maintains an ending inventory equal to 90 percent of the next month’s budgeted sales. On September 30, 1,010 hockey sticks are on hand.
The general layout for the purchases budget in equation form is:
A merchandiser usually expresses a merchandise purchases budget in both units and dollars. The slide shows the general layout for this budget in equation form. If this formula is expressed in units and only one product is involved, we can compute the number of dollars of inventory to be purchased for the budget by multiplying the units to be purchased by the cost per unit.
Once we have completed the sales budget, we can prepare the merchandise purchases budget that will incorporate Hockey Den’s sales demand and inventory policy. To prevent potential stock-outs of inventory items, and to have a good selection of merchandise on hand for its customers, Hockey Den always wants its ending inventory for a month to be equal to 90 percent of the next month’s sales. On September 30, 1,010 of hockey sticks were on hand, an amount equal to 90 percent of hockey sticks budgeted for October sales.
Let’s prepare the purchases budget for Hockey Den.
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96. Merchandise Purchases Budget
We begin the purchases budget by computing the desired ending inventory for each of the three months. Recall that Hockey Den always wants its ending inventory for a month in units to be equal to 90 percent of the next month’s unit sales. The unit sales figures are from the sales budget.
Next we add the unit sales for each month to the desired ending inventory to get the total needs for each month.
From the sales budget.
Ending inventory for a month in units, should equal 90% of next month’s unit sales.
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97. Merchandise Purchases Budget
After we calculate the required units of available merchandise. We then subtract beginning inventory to determine the budgeted number of units to be purchased. The last line is the budgeted cost of the purchases, computed by multiplying the number of units to be purchased by the predicted cost per unit.
Here’s our completed merchandise purchases budget. Notice that the ending inventory for each month becomes the beginning inventory for the next month.
Budgeted cost of the purchases, computed by:
number of units X cost per unit.
Required units of available merchandise.
Subtract beginning inventory to determine the budgeted number of units to be purchased.
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98. NEED-TO-KNOW 7-4
In preparing monthly budgets for the third quarter, a company budgeted sales of 120 units for July and 140
units for August. Management wants each month’s ending inventory to be 60% of next month’s sales. The
June 30 inventory consists of 50 units, which does not comply with the company's inventory policy. How
many units should be purchased in July?
Next month's budgeted sales (units)
140
Ratio of inventory to future sales
60%
Budgeted ending inventory (units) 84
Add: Budgeted sales (units)
120
Required units of available merchandise
204
Deduct: Beginning inventory (units)
(72)
Units to be purchased
132
In preparing monthly budgets for the third quarter, a company budgeted sales of 120 units for July and 140 units for August. Management wants each month’s ending inventory to be 60% of next month’s sales.
The June 30 inventory consists of 50 units, which does not comply with the company's inventory policy. How many units should be purchased in July?
At the end of July, the company wants to have ending inventory equal to 60% of August sales.
140 units budgeted to be sold in August multiplied by 60% is an ending inventory of 84 units.
The company must also have enough units on hand for the current month's sales, 120 units.
The required units of available merchandise is 204.
Since the company already has 72 units in beginning inventory, they only need to purchase the difference, 132 units.
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99. Happiness is having all homework up to date
Homework assignment
Using Connect – 7 Questions for 60 Points; Chapter 7.
Prepare chapter 8 “Flexible Budgets and Standard Costs.”
Happiness is having all homework up to date
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100. Thank you and See You Thursday at the Same Time, Take Care
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