1. Course Central Ideas:
All living things are made from cells.
All life is based on the same genetic code.
Heredity information in genes is inherited and expressed.
The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.
Biological systems maintain homeostasis
Organisms obtain and use energy to carry out life processes
Organisms on Earth interact and depend on other living
and nonliving things in their environment

2. 1. Natural Selection Summarized:
Darwin’s theory suggests that in a species:
A. There is a tendency towards over-production
Variation exists
Variations are inherited
Individuals survive in their environments with varying degrees of success
B. The best adapted survive and pass favorable variations on to next generation
In time, great differences arise, until a new species
Evolves from an old species

3. 2. Who?
Studied the way geography limited or facilitated the extension of species range
How ecology influenced the shaping of adaptations
In 1858, shared with Darwin on the Theory of Evolution by means of Natural Selection

4. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Voyaged around the world 1831-1836
Wrote On the Origin of Species which reveals his ideas on Evolution by means of Natural Selection

5. Homologous
Structures
Analogous structures

6. Convergent Evolution
A kind of evolution wherein organisms evolve structures that have similar (analogous) structures or functions in spite of their evolutionary ancestors being very dissimilar or unrelated. This is due to the demands of their environment.

7. Can be used to classify organisms
Comparative
Embryology
Can be used to classify organisms

8. Hind limbs in adult whale are considered vestigial structures
Hind limb bud
in whale embryo is a
vestiage.
Hind limbs in adult whale are considered vestigial structures

9. Adaptive Radiation

10. Adaptative Radiation

11. Coevolution:
Mutual evolutionary influence between two species
Typically evolution of two species totally dependent on each other.
Exert selective pressure on the other, so they evolve together.
Extreme example of mutualism.

12. Biological fitness The contribution an individual
makes to the gene pool
of the next generation relative
to contributions of other
individuals
Offspring should be fertile

13. 1st Phylogenetic Tree

14. What does a fork in the “tree” mean?
Ans. A common ancester

15. Species
A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.

16. Gene pool
In studying evolution at the population level, geneticists focus on the GP
Total collection of genes in a population at any one time.

17. Directional Selection
When individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end.

18. Disruptive Selection
When individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle.

19. Stablilizing Selection
Takes place when individuals near the center of a curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end

20. Modes for speciation
Behavioral
Geographic
Temporal

21. Cladogram

22. Resource
partitioning

23. Competitive Exclusion
Principle
states that no 2
species can occupy
the exact same
niche in the
exact same habitat
at the exact same
time?

24. Biological
Magnification

25. Primary Ecological Succession
What would happen if the climax community was burned?

26. The Miller-Urey Aparatus

37. Endosymbiotic Theory

43. CELLULAR RESPIRATION

44. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

45. 36 ATP

49. DNA Replication

51. DNA
Mutations

52. DNA Fingerprinting

53. Recombinant DNA

54. Scientific Process

58. Homeostasis –maintaining
an internal environment

59. The Cell Membrane Model

61. How enzymes work:
They have specific shapes. These shapes can
be denatured by extreme heat or pH causing the enzyme to lose
its form and thus its function. Most enzymes are protein and
act as catalysts speeding up reactions by lowering activation energy.