1. Heredity and Genetics

2. Heredity:
Passing of traits from parent to offspring is called Heredity
Genetics is the study of DNA and Heredity.
The first major contributor to Heredity was Gregor Mendel, the “father of Genetics.”

3. Mendel's Work
Mendel studied purebred pea plants in the garden of the monastery where he lived.
Purebred organisms produce offspring with the same traits as their parents.
Think of purebred dogs: a German Shepard is purebred because if it breeds with another purebred German Shepard, the traits are predictable. Mutts like Sakura have many breeds mixed in them, and have many unpredictable traits.

4. Heredity
Mendel noticed that there were patterns in the traits passed from parent to offspring. He dedicated his life studying these patterns.
He noticed that parent tall plants (P) which mixed with parent tall plants (P) tended to produce tall offspring and short plants that bred with short plants produced short offspring.
Trait versus Characteristic:
The plants characteristic is whether it is tall or short.
The word trait is used to refer to the plant's height.

5. Heredity
Mendel wondered what height of offspring he would get if he crossed a tall plant (P) with a short plant (P)

7. Heredity
Mendel noticed that the offspring (F1) were all as tall as the tall plants (because tall was the dominant gene)
The offspring (F1) were then self-pollinated and made a second generation (F2)
When they grew out, ¾ of the plants were tall, and ¼ of the plants were short. The recessive 'short' genes had shown themselves again!

8. Heredity
After many years of trial and error experimentation and mathematical calculation, Mendel compiled his findings:

9. Mendel's Conclusions:
Passing of genetic information controls an organisms traits
These factors must exist in pairs.
One part comes from male, one part comes from female.
One factor can hide or 'mask' the other factor (dominant/recessive)
Today we call these 'factors' genes.

10. Genes
Each plant had a gene which controlled for the plant's height.
Alleles are the different forms of a gene.
For example, the gene that controls the plants height has two alleles. The F1 generation of mixed tall/short plants had 1 short allele and 1 tall allele.

11. T – Tall Plant is dominant to t – Short Plant.
Allelles
Dominant alleles (represented with a capital letter), block out recessive alleles (represented as a lower-case letter)
T – Tall Plant is dominant to t – Short Plant.
There are three ways of referring to the alleles of an organism:
TT – Homozygous Dominant
Tt – Heterozygous Dominant
tt – Homozygous Recessive
The prefix 'hetero' means different, 'homo' means the same
Think critically: Why do you think there is no heterozygous recessive?

12. Allelles
Even though there are three genotypes: TT, Tt, tt
There are only two phenotypes: Short and Tall